Biochip Technology

 Since the early 20th century, 90 the implementation of the Human Genome Project (Human genome project, HGP) has made great progress that people had unexpected. Currently a dozen microbes have been determined, and higher plants and animals of the whole genome sequence, the mass of the gene sequence Data is expanding at an unprecedented rate. a real scientific issues placed before the people: how to study so many genes responsible for the life process of the function? how to effectively use such vast amounts of genetic information reveals the general rules of human illness and death, and human eventually overcome the disease to provide an effective weapon? Thus, a similar biological computer chip technology, the emerging high-tech mmm, along with the progress of human genome research came into being. the type of biochip biochip is nearly 10 years in the life sciences area rapidly developed a high-tech. It is mainly refers to micro-machining and micro-chip in the surface of the solid build micro biochemical analysis systems, in order to achieve the organization of living organisms, cells, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and Other biological components for accurate, rapid and large amount of information detection. now common biological chip is divided into three categories: the gene chip (Genechip, DNAchip, DNAmi croarray), protein chip (Proteinchip), lab on a chip (Lab- on-a-chip), etc..
main characteristics of bio-chip high-throughput, miniaturization and automation. bio-chip, highly integrated molecular arrangement of thousands of intensive microarray analysis can be a lot in a very short period of time biological molecules, so that people can quickly and accurately obtain samples of biological information, the detection efficiency is the traditional means of hundreds of thousands of times. Biology is the second large scale integrated circuit chips will be again after the far-reaching scientific and technological revolution . microarray gene chip technology development is the most mature and the first to realize the commercialization of the product. gene chip is based on the principle of nucleic acid hybridization probes complementary and developed. the so-called synthetic nucleic acid probe is a base sequence in the probe pin is connected to some of the material could be detected, according to the principle of complementary bases, the use of genetic probes to identify specific genes gene mixture. gene chip, also known as DNA chips, DNA microarrays (DNAmicroar ray), and our daily said very similar to computer chips, but is not highly integrated semiconductor device, but tens of thousands of densely arranged grid-like gene probe by DNA fragments of known base sequence, to combine the complementary sequence of single-base chain of DNA, to determine the corresponding sequence in this way to identify the abnormal gene or its products and so on. At present, the more mature products are detected mutations in the gene chip and testing the level of gene expression microarray. gene chip technology includes four basic skills areas: microarray preparation, sample preparation, biological molecular reaction and signal detection and analysis.
chips currently used mainly surface chemical preparation methods or combinatorial chemistry approach to solid substrates such as glass tablets or wafers, and then the DNA fragments or protein molecules in a specific order in the film base. At present, nearly 40 millions of different DNA molecules on the 1 square centimeter of high-density gene chip, and is being prepared to contain millions of DNA probes of the human gene chip. biological sample preparation and processing of gene chip technology is an important part of the second. biological samples are often very complex mixture of biological molecules, except for a few specific samples, but generally can not react directly with the chip . to deal with specific biological samples, for which the protein or DNA, RNA molecules, and to mark such information to improve the detection sensitivity. The third step is the reaction of biological molecules with the chip. chip between the biological molecules response is a key step in microarray. by selecting the appropriate reaction conditions for reaction between biomolecules in the best condition, reducing the mismatch between biological molecules ratio in order to gain best reflects the nature of biological signals. gene chip technology finally step is to chip signal detection and analysis. the most commonly used chip signal detection method is to chip into the chip scanner, point by collecting the fluorescence intensity of the reaction and fluorescence location, the software analyzes the image, which can be related to biological information.
protein chip and gene chip similar to the principle. differences are, first, the molecule is fixed on the chip, such as antigens or antibodies and other proteins. Second, the detection principle is based on the protein molecules, protein and nucleic acid, protein interactions with other molecules. protein chip technology emerged late, is still in the development period, have recently made significant progress. For example, the latest issue internationally renowned science (Science) magazine reported that the yeast proteome chip (pro teomechip). This is by far the first to include all of a biological protein molecules of the protein chip. I believe, will soon contain more proteins and other biological and even human protein chip developed and applied basic biomedical research and disease diagnosis. microarray experiments the development of bio-chip technology room is the ultimate goal. It will sample preparation, detection of biochemical reactions and the formation of the whole process of intensive micro-analysis system. now has the heater, micro pumps, micro valves, micro-flow controller, micro-electrode , electronic chemicals and electronic light detectors and other components of the lab on a chip come out, and the emergence of the biochemical reactions, sample preparation, detection and analysis part of the integrated bio-chip.
example, you can sample preparation and PCR amplification at the same time In a small chip. Another example GeneLogic design and manufacture of bio-chip companies can be seized from the isolated DNA samples or RNA, and labeled them, and then when the sample flows through the fixed fence-shaped microchannel oligonucleotide capture probes can be complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence with it. application of self-developed test equipment to achieve the detection and analysis of hybridization results. oligonucleotide probes because the chip has a large adsorption surface area, can be very sensitive to detect rare genetic changes. Meanwhile, the design of the chip micro-channels with enrichment and enrichment, it can accelerate the hybridization reaction, reduce test time, thereby reducing cost of test. at home and abroad Biological Research The rapid development of chip technology has aroused widespread concern around the world and attention .1998 June 29 announced the official launch of the U.S. bio-chip program, the National Ministry of Health, Department of Energy, Commerce, Justice, Defense Department, CIA, etc. are involved in this project.
while at Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and part of the national laboratories involved in the project's research and development. around the world have also increased investment, the University of Cambridge, European and Asian companies are engaged in the research in the field. the world's largest pharmaceutical companies in particular, on the gene chip technology for genetic polymorphism, disease, gene drug development and drug screening and other synthetic or natural interest in the field, have established or are establishing their own chip equipment and technology. to the core of the relevant bio-chip industry is the global rise, the U.S. has more than 10 bio-chip stocks listed on the stock rose 75% per annum. Experts statistics: industrial output value of the current global bio-chip 10 billion U.S. dollars, expected within the next 5 years, bio-chip market to 200 billion USD.
U.S. wealth, changed our way of life. However, the bio-chip to the human impact may be greater. In the 20th century history of technology has far-reaching implications of two things, first, micro chip, which is the heart of computers and many household appliances, It changed our economic and cultural life, and has entered every home; The other thing is bio-chip, it will change the way of life science research, innovative medical diagnosis and treatment greatly improve the population quality and health standards. < br> Bio-chip industry as a part of genes, can be widely used for clinical diagnosis, drug development, environmental monitoring and other fields, has broad market prospects for human life and health will have a profound impact on many aspects. In view of bio-chip technology has enormous theoretical and practical value, but also of bio-chip technology for computer chips will not repeat the mistake, our government, industry and the business community aware of bio-chip technology is almost the same time the major strategic significance and the infinite business opportunities, carried out microarray technology development. One of the most representative case is the beginning of 2000 by domestic technology research in the bio-chip combination of a number of units set up a national bio-chip technology center. Chinese Academy of Engineering 6 January 2000 the first Engineering Science and Technology held in Beijing Forum topics as protection. China should quickly develop countermeasures for China's national conditions, to avoid like the computer industry did not have their own chips for patents and technology controlled by others in a passive state. Currently, there are many research institutes engaged in research in this area began. For example , Tsinghua University, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences and other units in the country carried out the first bio-chip technology, the establishment of a bio-chip technology system, and has been in bio-chip technology and product development has made great breakthrough. to believe that soon there will be China's own production of bio-chip products on the market.
microarray biochip very broad application prospects. If that can be applied to find new genes, DNA sequencing, disease diagnosis, drug screening, toxicogenomics, crop selection and breeding of good , environmental monitoring and control, food hygiene supervision and forensic and so on. microarray analysis using the human genome, can find cancer, diabetes, genetic defects caused by the disease-causing genetic disease. Biomedical researchers can in seconds Identification of mutations that lead to cancer. with a small drop of test fluid, doctors can predict the efficacy of drugs on patients and whether toxic side effects. using DNA microarray analysis of genes, the future can make the diagnosis rate of diabetes of 50% or more. imagine in the future when people are in the physical examination, diagnostic gene chips by the carrying robot subjects blood, suddenly examination results can be displayed on the computer screen. the use of genetic diagnosis, the medical from the current monotony of the era, the transition to vary according to individual genetic background of testing. only a very small amount of sample, in a very short period of time, a large number of medical personnel to disease diagnosis information that will help doctors in a short time to find the right treatment. such as cancer, diabetes, infectious common and frequently occurring diseases such as clinical examination and inspection healthy people, can apply bio-chip technology. in the future people can have personal laboratory, regardless of any place on Earth, at any time their health can be monitored. in drug screening , at present almost all major foreign pharmaceutical companies have adopted varying degrees of biochip technology to search for drug targets, drug toxicity or search side effects. using chip technology for large-scale drug screening may be omitted a large number of animal experiments, reduce medication used to screen time, so as to drive the research and development of innovative drugs. microarray applications in environmental performance in, can efficiently detect microbial or organic matter caused by the pollution, but also help researchers find and pollutants in the synthesis of detoxification and digestion function of the natural gene. This kind of environment-friendly genes once they are discovered, researchers will turn their ordinary bacteria, and then use the modified bacteria clean up polluted rivers or soil. In addition bio-chip in agriculture, food supervision, forensic and other aspects will make a significant contribution. biochip technology in-depth research and extensive application, will be the 21st century human life and health of far-reaching impact. Author Dr. Wang Shengqi, the military researcher at the Institute of Radiation Medicine Academy of Medical Sciences, Biochip Technology Center, National Deputy Director, Army director of Key Laboratory of biochip technology. GLD Silver Star Technology.
main research directions include: gene chip technology research and development; antisense and antisense drugs; medicine and genomics Chemical genomics research. In recent years, presided over 863 projects, 973 projects, the National Natural Science Foundation and the General Program, and the military and key projects in Beijing and many other research projects. at home and abroad more than 100 papers published in journals , access to and application of more than 10 national invention patents, published 2 monographs, access to the military and the provincial Science and Technology Progress Award 3. Dr. Chen Zhongbin, Military Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Research Associate in July in the year 1999 by the Military Academy of Medical Sciences Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Ph.D., the Institute of Radiation Medicine in the Biotechnology Laboratory and Key Laboratory of military bio-chip technology work. main research directions are: viral gene chip technology; using gene chip technology virus and host interactions Molecular mechanism of basic research on antiviral drugs; in recent years, participation and sponsorship of 863 projects, 973 projects, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and many other research projects. at home and abroad published more than 20 publications, access to and applied for national invention 2 patents, access to the military and the provincial Science and Technology Progress Award 2.

microarray data is through micro-machining and micro-electronics technology in the solid surface of the chip micro-biochemical analysis system
building and computer chips very similar, but not highly integrated semiconductor device, but tens of thousands of grid-like arrangement of the gene probe
intensive future people in the examination, diagnosis by a robot equipped with gene chip to take on the subjects blood, suddenly examination results can be displayed on the computer screen
global industrial output value of the current bio-chip 10 billion dollars, is expected within the next 5 years, bio-chips market to reach 20 billion U.S. dollars or more bio-chip Aspects < br>