Champions League is flat
64 years ago, Valentine's Day, the world's first advent of the modern computer, the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. The war spawned by World War II stuff called ENIAC, an area of 170 square meters, enough to have 30 tons of weight, can be completed in 1 seconds 5000 500 addition operations and multiplication. This is a starting point to change the world, 60 years later, the monster became Friedman wrote, one, although 60 years after the computer has been able to complete 1 second more than 1,000 teraflops.
in this already seems to have developed and to be added complex world, to achieve new breakthroughs, bringing a new change, almost is impossible. But the more complex the more developed, more able to push a new breakthrough and change rose to unprecedented heights. invented the first computer was the greatest undertaking ever, but let the computer into a personal product, Let the whole world becoming flatter.
so we have to praise the reforms brought about Michel Platini, the UEFA Champions League final on Wednesday night from Saturday night to move to. This is the President of the French election campaign after the success of UEFA , immediately announced a reform measure, just announced, people focus on his training for the Central and Eastern European soccer powers concerns than the Champions league system on a change. However 2009m10 leave the Champions League final the football world, with Jose Mourinho does not like the winner of the world out there like a snake's paid off, Milito Smart, but more of the appreciation of the global top-level competition.
reason is very simple, just add the final time made a simple exchange.
European Cup has always been one week in the tournament, thanks to always interested in international affairs and creative French people. the process of development, the first international club competition aware conducted in the week, the media, to promote the role of the great football market, so the Champions League with this great idea. So the Champions League midweek tradition has more than 60 years, although rapid development in the commercial process, the race was only the reform, the introduction of the league system, for the race, he was not doing much to adjust, because consciousness is deep-rooted tradition: Cup weekend is the leagues.
continuation of the convention, Everyone ignored the weeks events on the players, fans and the media a lot of inconvenience. Platini This reform, and his players arduous experience and directly related to football management experience. He lived through that painful 1984 Hai Seer tragedy, he knew as a professional player, so after the weekend league or cup final finale, in Europe on Wednesday to face the challenges of professional football's highest honor, in the body, psychological aspects, requires too high. As a manager and operators, he has been hoping to continue to enhance the value to the tournament. Champions League is undoubtedly the crown of professional football in Europe, but the week to race, not only to attract the widest possible audience, it is impossible to give the media packaging facilities, more difficult for sponsors to provide the most appropriate personalized service, in terms of overseas expansion, there is a sharp contradiction between the time difference.
moved from Wednesday to the final weekend of the peak night of the Champions League, giving fans the feeling of suddenly see the light. Although the Champions League midweek events can not completely change the traditional, but each season has at least one high-light the night battle, worthy of long-term expectations. Madrid, the first weekend of the final night as the host city, is a direct beneficiary.
test in the United Kingdom Statistical Analysis of Marketing paper hanging, Inter Milan and Bayern Munich's final, the market will be worth over 350 million euros, Barcelona and Manchester United last season, the Rome final, worth 310 million euros .5 22 this weekend, were ushered in Madrid Add Travel population of 1.2 million people, bringing greater economic benefits of radiation. in the dissemination and promotion of the tournament on the final weekend for the team, fans, media and sponsors are better prepared to provide a space .2009 Barcelona Manchester United, attracting 109 million viewers worldwide live, NFL Super Bowl for the first time surpassed the United States, while the Madrid night, estimated global audience will be broadcast soared to 1.7 billion people. the team more time to prepare, since no doubt that fans no longer have to break the life and work routine, to respond to a Wednesday night game time embarrassing, media and sponsors, but also big winners. Madrid night, various media reports are more than the previous rich in the Champions League final depth, the brand sponsors activities, interaction with the fans, but also reached a historical high.
especially for overseas markets such as China, the Champions League. In the past weeks events, to the fans left a lot of fatigue, the impression of confusion on the night of 22 .5 8:00, I was in Beijing to attend a post-sea Bayern fans gathering to experience an unprecedented audience enthusiasm. The night became a football fan to enjoy the wonderful moment, a certain sense, in anticipation of the exchange during the race to bring the fun even higher than the game itself. such a wonderful football atmosphere, the commercial sponsor is the chance opportunity which can not.
Platini may not be a genius, but his genius a means to improve the Champions League overall value, so the Champions League more deeply affected the football crowd. Jose Mourinho is a genius, but a decisive winner in the first night of the weekend, he is also the largest of the lucky ones, because in a world where football is more flat, Muli Ni Olympic Champions League miracles have been better communication platform.
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
To the development of peak message (once again review their own)
To the development of peak message (once again review their)
noon I shall never know who did not agree with? Text proposed exhibition to remind you to lighten up the peak, it is estimated one believed (including the development of peak). Show is of course the master rank of Warren But looking at some of the problems is not objective, shareholders and the network has been touted so you can not identify a clear direction of the stock market. people have weaknesses, including development of the peak! master should not be just a technical expert, is the sense of smell should also be a master, psychology master.
did not expect such a powerful drive to kill the afternoon panic, panic at the time, today reached the Shanghai Electric Power (600021). Although I may be wrong, but I thought should be clear: when others panic buy. I may also be errors of this speculation (estimated at 29 or turbulence down tomorrow), but defeated it plainly, no regrets, defeat is the mother of success.
proposed retail development peaks up to change their operations to change thinking it. given the operation in line with current market thinking!
I still admire the show master, he is very sincere. Chin Fong's blog to be brave enough to write down, not halfway.
Attachment: noon to speak:
development of the master too technical. recent serious stagflation stock recommendations, or even decline. Recently should lighten up, and that remind you of.
noon I shall never know who did not agree with? Text proposed exhibition to remind you to lighten up the peak, it is estimated one believed (including the development of peak). Show is of course the master rank of Warren But looking at some of the problems is not objective, shareholders and the network has been touted so you can not identify a clear direction of the stock market. people have weaknesses, including development of the peak! master should not be just a technical expert, is the sense of smell should also be a master, psychology master.
did not expect such a powerful drive to kill the afternoon panic, panic at the time, today reached the Shanghai Electric Power (600021). Although I may be wrong, but I thought should be clear: when others panic buy. I may also be errors of this speculation (estimated at 29 or turbulence down tomorrow), but defeated it plainly, no regrets, defeat is the mother of success.
proposed retail development peaks up to change their operations to change thinking it. given the operation in line with current market thinking!
I still admire the show master, he is very sincere. Chin Fong's blog to be brave enough to write down, not halfway.
Attachment: noon to speak:
development of the master too technical. recent serious stagflation stock recommendations, or even decline. Recently should lighten up, and that remind you of.
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Turn You've got to find what you love
Jobs said that, you have to find something you love.
You've got to find what you love, 'Jobs says
Jobs said, you have to find something you love.
This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.
This is Apple Computer and Pixar Animation Studios CEO Steve Jobs on June 12, 2005 Stanford University graduation ceremony in the above speech.
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I 've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
I am honored to join you in graduation, Stanford University is the world's best universities. I never graduated from college. tell the truth, this is the life of my college graduation from the day. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. not a big deal, just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
The first story is about life connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
I read in the Reed College after six months dropped out, but after eighteen months?? I really quit, I often go to school. why did I drop it?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: ? a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
story I start from when I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate. she decided to put me up for adoption She felt very strongly that I was adopted by college graduates. So when I was born, she has already done all the preparatory work, so I can be a lawyer and his wife adopted. but she did not expect, when I after birth, lawyer and his wife suddenly decided they wanted a girl. So my parents (they are still my watch list biological parents) suddenly received a phone call at midnight: baby boy, you want him? The adoption contract. only in a few months later, my parents promised her that I would someday go to college, that when she finally agreed.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting. < br> In the seventeen years old that year, I did go to college. but I chose a very stupid and you almost as expensive as Stanford, the school, my parents still in the blue-collar, they are almost all the savings were being spent my college tuition. In six months, I have not see the value in it. I do not know what I want to do in life, I do not know how the university can help me find the answer. But here, I almost ran out of my parents all my life savings. So I decided to drop out, I think this is the right decision. can not be denied, I was pretty scared, but looking back, it really is my life one of the best decisions. I dropped out at the moment, I can finally do not have to read that I could not get the slightest interest in the program. And then I can go to repair the course that seems a bit mean.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5c deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
But this is not all romantic. I lost my dorm room, so I can only floor in friends room to sleep, I returned coke bottles for 5 cents, to buy food on Sunday night, I need to walk the seven miles across town to the Hare Krishna temple (Note: under the Brooklyn in New York City), just to eat the food?? this week that the only good meal of rice. but I like it. I following my curiosity and intuition, experience a lot of things since then proved to be invaluable. Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
Reed University at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction. in the campus every poster, every label on the drawer was beautifully hand calligraphed. because I had dropped out and did not have formal training, so I decided to go to participate in this course, to learn how to write beautiful calligraphy. I learned a san serif and serif fonts, I learned how to different letter combinations space between, and how can make the best typography. It is a science can not capture, and beautiful, artistically subtle, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college , the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
had even things in my life, seems to have no practical application. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it is not to me. I learned that when I designed it all into Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped out, there will be opportunities to participate in this program I am interested in calligraphy, Mac would not have so many rich fonts, and enjoyable font spacing. so that no personal computer would have just copied the. Of course, when I was in college, but also impossible to former connecting the dots, but when I look back all these years very, very suddenly see the light of the.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
Again, you can not in looking forward will connect the dots; you can only review time will be connecting the dots. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect your future together. You have to trust in something: your gut purpose, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down (let me down), just let me the difference in the lives of more.
My second story is about love and loss.
my first Two story is about love and loss.
I was lucky? I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $ 2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I was lucky because I found early on the things I loved. Woz and I have two-year-old in my parents garage when opened inside Apple. We worked hard ten years later, the company's poor wretch since the development of the two garage to over four thousand employees, more than two billion worth of large companies. In the ninth year the company established, we have just released the best products, that is Macintosh. I had just turned three years old. In that year, I got fired. you how you may be fired from a company created it? ah, as Apple grew, we hired a very talented guy and I manage the company together, in the initial years, the company run well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When the quarrel bitterly when Board of Directors sided with him on the other side. So at ten years old, I was out. in so many people very publicly out. In volunteers, all of my life was gone, which was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me? I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
in the first few months, I really do not know what to do. I used to entrepreneurial passion to the lost, I felt I had let the business people are frustrated. I met David Pack, and Bob Boyce, and tried to apologize. I make things worse from pillar to post. but I slowly began to dawn, I still loved what I did. Apple of events had not changed that one bit does not. I had been rejected, but I still love it. so I decided to scratch again.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
I did not see, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best place I ever do. because As a blissful feeling of being successful as an entrepreneur instead of the relaxed feeling of the re: on less sure about everything. It makes me feel so free, into my life the most creative periods.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
in the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and then later became my wife and an amazing woman who would. Pixar to create the world's first A computer animated feature film?? company. We NeXT technology in the development of Apple's current renaissance played a key role. I have, and Laurence with a wonderful family.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn ' t been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any gre ...
You've got to find what you love, 'Jobs says
Jobs said, you have to find something you love.
This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.
This is Apple Computer and Pixar Animation Studios CEO Steve Jobs on June 12, 2005 Stanford University graduation ceremony in the above speech.
I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I 've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.
I am honored to join you in graduation, Stanford University is the world's best universities. I never graduated from college. tell the truth, this is the life of my college graduation from the day. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. not a big deal, just three stories.
The first story is about connecting the dots.
The first story is about life connecting the dots.
I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?
I read in the Reed College after six months dropped out, but after eighteen months?? I really quit, I often go to school. why did I drop it?
It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: ? a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.
story I start from when I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate. she decided to put me up for adoption She felt very strongly that I was adopted by college graduates. So when I was born, she has already done all the preparatory work, so I can be a lawyer and his wife adopted. but she did not expect, when I after birth, lawyer and his wife suddenly decided they wanted a girl. So my parents (they are still my watch list biological parents) suddenly received a phone call at midnight: baby boy, you want him? The adoption contract. only in a few months later, my parents promised her that I would someday go to college, that when she finally agreed.
And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting. < br> In the seventeen years old that year, I did go to college. but I chose a very stupid and you almost as expensive as Stanford, the school, my parents still in the blue-collar, they are almost all the savings were being spent my college tuition. In six months, I have not see the value in it. I do not know what I want to do in life, I do not know how the university can help me find the answer. But here, I almost ran out of my parents all my life savings. So I decided to drop out, I think this is the right decision. can not be denied, I was pretty scared, but looking back, it really is my life one of the best decisions. I dropped out at the moment, I can finally do not have to read that I could not get the slightest interest in the program. And then I can go to repair the course that seems a bit mean.
It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5c deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:
But this is not all romantic. I lost my dorm room, so I can only floor in friends room to sleep, I returned coke bottles for 5 cents, to buy food on Sunday night, I need to walk the seven miles across town to the Hare Krishna temple (Note: under the Brooklyn in New York City), just to eat the food?? this week that the only good meal of rice. but I like it. I following my curiosity and intuition, experience a lot of things since then proved to be invaluable. Let me give you one example:
Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.
Reed University at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction. in the campus every poster, every label on the drawer was beautifully hand calligraphed. because I had dropped out and did not have formal training, so I decided to go to participate in this course, to learn how to write beautiful calligraphy. I learned a san serif and serif fonts, I learned how to different letter combinations space between, and how can make the best typography. It is a science can not capture, and beautiful, artistically subtle, and I found it fascinating.
None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college , the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.
had even things in my life, seems to have no practical application. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it is not to me. I learned that when I designed it all into Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped out, there will be opportunities to participate in this program I am interested in calligraphy, Mac would not have so many rich fonts, and enjoyable font spacing. so that no personal computer would have just copied the. Of course, when I was in college, but also impossible to former connecting the dots, but when I look back all these years very, very suddenly see the light of the.
Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.
Again, you can not in looking forward will connect the dots; you can only review time will be connecting the dots. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect your future together. You have to trust in something: your gut purpose, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down (let me down), just let me the difference in the lives of more.
My second story is about love and loss.
my first Two story is about love and loss.
I was lucky? I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $ 2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.
I was lucky because I found early on the things I loved. Woz and I have two-year-old in my parents garage when opened inside Apple. We worked hard ten years later, the company's poor wretch since the development of the two garage to over four thousand employees, more than two billion worth of large companies. In the ninth year the company established, we have just released the best products, that is Macintosh. I had just turned three years old. In that year, I got fired. you how you may be fired from a company created it? ah, as Apple grew, we hired a very talented guy and I manage the company together, in the initial years, the company run well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When the quarrel bitterly when Board of Directors sided with him on the other side. So at ten years old, I was out. in so many people very publicly out. In volunteers, all of my life was gone, which was devastating.
I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me? I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.
in the first few months, I really do not know what to do. I used to entrepreneurial passion to the lost, I felt I had let the business people are frustrated. I met David Pack, and Bob Boyce, and tried to apologize. I make things worse from pillar to post. but I slowly began to dawn, I still loved what I did. Apple of events had not changed that one bit does not. I had been rejected, but I still love it. so I decided to scratch again.
I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.
I did not see, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best place I ever do. because As a blissful feeling of being successful as an entrepreneur instead of the relaxed feeling of the re: on less sure about everything. It makes me feel so free, into my life the most creative periods.
During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.
in the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and then later became my wife and an amazing woman who would. Pixar to create the world's first A computer animated feature film?? company. We NeXT technology in the development of Apple's current renaissance played a key role. I have, and Laurence with a wonderful family.
I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn ' t been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any gre ...
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
International Perspective kindergarten bilingual education
International Perspective kindergarten bilingual education bilingual kindergarten
mm MAG Executive Director of the total principal and guest interviews Record
description:
Wang Jianqi MAG Executive Director of Early Childhood Education Group, the principal of office members.
graduated from Beijing Normal University, went to Canada to study in 1992, after returning to work for many years been engaged .2001 Bilingual Kindergarten teacher training, materials development and education services, translation edited by the United States The research, write > He graduated from Northeast Normal University, early childhood education professional, experienced nursery manager. He graduated from Northeast Normal University, early childhood education professional, experienced nursery managers, pre-school education system in Shanxi University, teaching in the pre-research work of any United States ,2005-2007 Grid bilingual kindergarten director, Director, Centre for the post. working on how to construct the appropriate development of children of Chinese and Western curriculum, and successfully led the development of a number of curriculum research and development projects.
Click here to join the MAG Group kindergarten teacher Wang and Ma. first call Ma, Tell us about the U.S. grid size and characteristics of the kindergarten.
Ma Teacher: Bilingual Kindergarten MAG was founded in 2002 in August, is owned by a Chinese Canadian founder of the country. From August 2002 to the present total of 5 Direct Park, located BDA in Beijing, Chaoyang, Fengtai three regions. currently has around 160 staff. school children in 400 or so. In the U.S. grid inception mission and slogan has always been China's international school children, the children of China is committed to provide diversification of the International Perspective of the system. prominent international educational philosophy and style. the United States showing a few cells kinds of features: a feature of the whole language environment is the dual language education system, that is, three general bilingual education in general. The second is that each philosophy of education, promotion of school to play, learn and play. hope that through such a way of teaching children a love of freedom, democracy and childhood. Third, the U.S. grid is initiated with the growth of children and parents, and parents to promote interaction between children, spent his happy childhood. from the inception to the present U.S. grid has been considered parents is in addition to another school outside the subject of education. U.S. grid has been convinced that the problem child, parents often question, from a certain perspective, education of parents of school children are equally important.
Moderator : Our teaching philosophy is to play a very important school, learn and play. For this teaching idea is to put forward? should be how to do it in practice?
Ma Teacher: We play school, play-based learning in children learning characteristics and the child's level of development, and children in this age of the characteristics embodied in the initiative. we can learn a lot of Canada's education system, Western education system is very stressed respect for the child's nature, the nature of the process of the children, games the child is actually the only reality of life. In other words, the child's life is his game during the process. If we want to educate their children, in fact, should conform to his level of development and age characteristics and his way of life to the way the game should be. According to the nature of the game children play with our proposed school, learn and play.
Click here to join the teaching examples, to show our school play, learn and play?
Wang: Because of our high school play, learn and play is actually in the game to learn, to experience joy in learning.
our study and some other main mode of education in the learning process is to let the children learn what he needs to learn. First of all teachers in the education goals to be very clear, even in play, the teacher was very clear, through this What kind of game I want to achieve the learning objectives. For instance, we have regional activities so that children have the right to choose, let him go to his areas of interest inside the game. this game is in the child may appear to be a game, but which contains the fact that many of the value of education. teacher education goals based on his set some content in it, for example, when conducting a subject of teaching, may baby in the family, and perhaps this time our English and Chinese are kind of the theme of learning, the teacher will guide the children to deliberate, for example, to provide some advance on the table cause the child to imagine, to create situations articles. the child into the play which will begin later. In the course of the play he can learn a lot of things, such as the development of social skills, coordination among themselves how such a relationship, cognitive get some increase. If we are just in time, bilingual education, and he hopes the language will more he learned review. So, the children appear in the game, in fact, in the study. this process, we call it the school play, learn and play in the process.
Ma teacher: the entire process from several to reflect aspects of a teaching process in the above are based on the design of our all-day lives of their children's natural attributes of the design. For example, the design of the process of life, from the morning of admission, he began the game started. We learning process in the Learning Center, we provide them with a variety of materials. We provide a valuable approach to the child, for example, we teach children to fire, we will quietly inside the child placed a number of scientific areas materials, such as a bottle of water, a pot of sand, a glass, and some other things. next to put a kerosene lamp. The teacher will alcohol lamp lit, how they try to fire, in the process experience. experience the play in the process of operation. In the course of play to learn the process of fire.
second grid in the United States is concerned, after the Free Play, there is a focus on the children sit together and discuss the time, this discussion and not what the teacher told the children, but children together to discuss how this kind of things we want to solve. with the discussion, we have a feature is the group activities, to have the child we are talking about the operation extended to the back. as child with a variety of activities. kids choose buffet such activities as selection. He finished the event in the choice after most of the activity in the form of the game to achieve through the operation of teacher education purposes. For example, if we hope to children study measured, for example, recognize that you want your child is 12 meters long distances. at this time is concerned, the teacher has not got a very simple rule, opened the 12 meters to the wall. but the teacher selection a very meaningful context, so that when the children in the active discussions, the world's largest dinosaurs were long, the children through the search data, found 12 meters. the teacher using a variety of ways to get children experience 12 How long is the meter. The teacher divided the three groups, one group is slippers, how many slippers is 12 meters. The second is the building block and the third one is the chair. We put the same length of 12 meters, let the children think, 12 meters equals how many pairs of slippers, how many blocks, how many chairs.
in group activity, the children's meal time, meal process, we also put on the process of living and playing together. so between the United States have a time frame, we have every month, to give children a home-made meal time, the child will understand his own labor. In the following outdoor activities we have designed a lot of the way through the game to kids show. including the back of reading time, is more the child to life, natural way to show. Most of us will ask the children themselves speaking their favorite books, toys, things, to express it out, to express his emotions. So from the point of view, we learn and play, play school, on the one hand reflects the game of teaching methods, more often implied in our idea of the U.S. grid is very important, is how to provide children with consistent education the lives of his nature. because the child's life is a game, the game is life, both of which can not be separated, can not tell the child that the game time is game time, learning time is learning time, life time is life time. not the case, we tell children to the three-in-one.
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Moderator: The children are very happy in the here and free to learn something, do you not realize what he was in school, he is completely in the game, he will be very happy, for this pleasure can only be for children . We have not met the parents of the misunderstanding? he could not see what we are taught to the children, we let the kids happy, but not the contents of books, mathematics today and tomorrow to learn English. We have no textbooks , some parents may be more conservative.
Ma Teacher: So there is a characteristic of each feature is very important and parents grow together. We have never taught a course for parents that you parents how to be a qualified also be a very educational parents. In this process, China and the U.S. have a parent cell salon every month. parents park in the United States when the grid we will provide parents guide to illustrate our idea. At the same time, every months will be issued a small book for parents, parents continue to deepen the understanding of the concept of education.
MAG office park in the course of seven years, has experienced very difficult indeed adhere to this concept of the road, the beginning Many parents just join in when the child will not make any objection. because kids like the nursery, but once the children into age groups above the middle shift, most parents have some worries. feeling other kindergarten children in school this, learning that, why the kindergarten children are very happy most of the time to do all kinds of activities? but in the process, we learn the one hand, the U.S. grid design, the design of children's education process, not only only just playing. not play without a purpose, but the very purpose of the educational value inherent to the children play in daily life. this will play to the middle shift gradually over a results show, for example, the child will take the initiative to solve some problems, the child will take the initiative to open some books. the child will take the initiative to discuss with others. In this process, which is recognized by most parents of learning outcomes. Second, we will prompt parents of children with learning process, outcomes and process is what kind of relationship. particularly before the age of six, this outcome is far from impossible to estimate. children of education did not produce conflict on the lives of children have not been anxious mood. So from the perspective of MAG, we have been told the parents, the children before the age of six, he was more important development latitude, will be emotionally and socially. his interpersonal relationships, social interaction, ability to adapt to the difficulties with the way communication with strangers, in this regard will be interested. In this process, if you provide such a process of education, his education is bound to produce results.
If we define education, only books have not learned anything on, in fact, most of our kindergarten parents to understand education is higher than this. so we are pleased that our school has gone through so many years, we have attracted so many parents, we have the same group with We have this idea of the parents grow with us. If parents focus only on knowledge of the results, we analyze the one hand with their children in the process, for their future learning and how much development potential, on the other hand, we will use our school's performance in all graduates, regardless of the child showing what kind of state, if not achieved the kind of parents think that the state, these children in the learning process in the future will be even greater potential.
before we have a number of Taipan is very anxious parents. because every time to time in large classes, parents will allow children to preschool. We are the United States every year for primary school graduates cell tracking. fed back the results is that, we graduated from the U.S. grid graduates enter primary school will be showing several characteristics: first, very interested in learning, if a child from the heart of the study as their intrinsic motivation, he naturally will pay attention to the way teachers teach. Secondly, The child is very cheerful, self-confidence. when he has not something the people around him the courage to seek help, including teachers, principals. Third, the child is not in compliance with the only answer. There are many teachers like that students, when the teacher told him the answer, he would tell the teacher, I think not, I think what is what. so the teacher thought the child quite the creativity. we used this case back to the parents, the parents will be recognized by this idea . he will begin to understand, he chose a very scientific way for children to develop. So if a child into our nursery from the age of two until the age of six, I believe their educational philosophy and teaching methods will grow with us.
Click here to join the : Because we are philosophy of education MAG raised from 2002 to 2009, has been a very new concept, is also a very advanced concept. so our young link, also with us in the education of other age Like, in order to conform to the child's nature of their argument. because we raised the slogan of the U.S. grid is a child of the international schools. On the one hand we want with the international standards, but also integration with China's national conditions.
the face of China's current primary school enrollment status of graduates each year with our tracking and investigation, we regard the young convergence is not simply just the teaching, I like the pre-school special, like a section of the class to come on. We also put the young link In the children's learning and life to do. every child into primary school, there will be quite different. We believe that before the children enter primary school ready to do a good job, not just knowledge of the preparation, more importantly, the emotional and social aspects. According to this emotional and social aspects of the preparation, emphasizing the children before entering elementary school do a good job based on three aspects: first, the basis of motivation, the second, interest base, third, habits basis. If this child into the school before he came to enter primary school do not particularly strong desire to learn is not particularly strong desire. If parents say, if you do on the school, and achieved good results, my mother gave you this gift , that gift, it is very short stimulus. so we converge in the design of young concern for the establishment of intrinsic motivation children, concerned about the child's interest in learning, attention to children good study habits.
basic class of our simulation on September 1 from the large class, we will begin to show the form of classroom simulation. Simulation class is designed to allow children to teach the way of collective experience, just experience. Therefore, only one hour each week just let the children experience the time. In is simulated classroom, we will give them some experience, for example, pull them to primary schools to visit, telling them in another year you will like these as big brothers and big sisters. children are not tried all the things that are very curious. We raised a good child of the collective sense of class. So we will begin to simulate the classroom. We basically basically teaching will focus on some reading, literacy, mathematics, writing,. In addition, we start from 2006 We added some aspects of the English FONIX. simulated classroom teaching methods are often started from reading, because the U.S. grid with particular emphasis in literacy from reading, reading experience. triggered by reading a child's interest for the characters, causing children to read . by simulating the classroom literacy and language courses we hope to achieve this aim: let the children and parents to understand that literacy is not the purpose nor the purpose of reading, like reading is the purpose.
mathematics more of our emphasis on mathematics of life concept. the child to the large class after the interest in mathematics and the understanding of life, more volume, we will simulate a variety of classes presented to him on the mathematical scene, in the process of solving mathematical problems. we are young an increase of the classroom simulation convergence speed calculation part. For example, there developed in teaching addition and subtraction within 20, the speed of calculation, not for children to practice addition and subtraction math, more sensitive to the child's thinking is the exercise.
convergence aspects of young We provide the latitude is the second reading. We provide children to read a hundred books, of which twenty are teachers and parents and children read together, and the remaining eighty is child to read.
Third, we will provide in terms of convergence young social practice. the process of convergence in the young, and we will try to provide children with life, his motivation and the process of language learning, language and mathematics content. So we offer Some social activities include hiking, require that children can not sit any means of transport, half an hour walk with us. Second, we will bring the child to the supermarket, ten dollars to the children, let him ten dollars for five consecutive days to goes. exercise his financial and computing power. Third, we will design with the primary school visit and the friendship with the students. including a requirement for our graduate students before the reading is still in large classes with children about how much fun school and primary school problems may be encountered in the process.
Fourth, the daily habits of convergence. We demand that large classes of two students on duty to send their children to do every day reception. He has to face all the parents and the teacher said, Hello, welcome to MAG kindergarten. This is the exercise the child's self-confidence. We will ask the children into the large class, let him prepare a pencil box, let him learn to organize pencil boxes, books and newspapers.
addition to these, we in the United States There is also a writing course grid. The writing courses, we give children the operation was designed with a topic every day. This is a very playful, for example drawing the maze, along with a word of this figure, the majority of type of work the game. This job every night, we will ask the child home, finished. the next morning to the nursery to. the design of the job we ask children to write their own name, its own operations to be a judge . is for the children entering primary school for the sudden increase in psychological operations to have a good habit.
Finally, we will give kindergarten children's characters offer interesting projects, in fact, we designed a hundred Chinese characters, the hundred hundred stories behind the characters, the story children can read in the reading area. The teacher brought the child line up in the transition part of the time to tell the children to hear, let him on the origin and meaning of Chinese interest in him in primary school When there is a basis for learning.
the next part of the content is in English, which is unique MAG, MAG has been working for creating a bilingual education system. children enter primary school after the break, what kind of English do Please talk about Wang.
Wang: The U.S. grid is concerned, he's bilingual teaching is a very prominent feature, but also we have been pursuing one of the international section. We emphasize the teaching of English language learning not a goal, but let the child have an open international attitude, more exposure to different cultures, multi-cultural acceptance in a very young age. so our English is very unique, first of all we emphasize three half and half:
First, our teaching time is half Chinese, half in English.
Secondly, our teachers are the teachers in half on the Chinese, the other half are English teachers. including English teachers in China and foreign teachers teaching English together.
Third, our teaching courses above, our curriculum is also a theme of course. We may in the morning time is available in English in this part, in the other half in Chinese so we use a theme. For example, the theme of the spring, we are such a form.
Click here to join the is half and half, a half-day lectures we fully with the Chinese, there are half a day is completely in English. whether it is life or entertainment.
Wang: whether living or outdoor activities, all in English.
we there is also a convergence of young FONIX (audio) content, but also we try to do in recent years, more than two years came into contact with the child in English, until the rise to large classes, we believe that in many ways he has done enough prepared to enter into the literacy process. Therefore, we also used in Europe and America, mainly in North America, particularly popular way is called FONIX, translated into Chinese listening and reading is called the natural law. in this way is actually in use A native of the English way to make us like kids in China learn English.
in foreign countries, children do not learn phonetics, he is by FONIX to learn this way. So the children into the Intermediate When we started to recognize letters. when you enter the time in large classes, the teacher will lead them to learn in a different pronunciation of the letter inside a word, we will use a different metaphor, for example, the teacher will get a bell and let the children see what is ? kids would say that this is the bell, it will issue what kind of sound? a jingle bell sound. in a very systematic study after this, the children know, in the words inside, what each letter should be sent tone, when he saw such a word when spelling out the natural can. For example CAT, he naturally came out. So we converge in the young of the year, we will progressively guide the children from learn the basic elements of FONIX, until they can simply listening and reading three or four words, short sentences and then into the reading, or even a small book to read.
we are guided by the children in different ways on this content of interest. to be skilled to use, we have FONIX matching the content of teaching, teaching in the classroom. Meanwhile, we still read the content accordingly, we have some books, the teacher will take the children to read, These are very fun stories, so that children are very interested. At the same time, the children can take home these books to read together with their parents, on the one hand is to let them show their confidence in the results, and also in the continue to learn together with their parents, growing up in communication with the parents.
Ma Teacher: We hope that through this way from all aspects of life, before entering primary school from the child's physical, mental, for his ability to make a sufficient preparation. So said the preschool with the outside is completely different. most of the time, the process of our preschool, we will play by the normal exercise of the teaching to go.
Moderator: We are at the upper afternoons to create an environment for the children?
Wang: Yes. so we hope that we are pure English language environment for the children, we call it into English teaching. This is the first one originated in Canada teaching mode, after decades of research and follow-up survey of scientists to prove that it is a very good way of learning a second voice. So we will absorb the room. the so-called entry-type, that is when half the children inside, His first step into the nursery from the beginning to have entered into such an English environment inside, regardless of the teacher on his morning greetings to sign the part of the children, until his half-day teaching and living environment are all in English. this process have high demands on teachers. so we use the training through a variety of ways to achieve. but the child is concerned, he has immersed himself in the language environment, which, when prompted him to have the desire to learn. Meanwhile, we during the time course design is to provide children with a lot of links. In this process, we emphasize the purpose of learning English is not, but only learning tool, language is just a background. either English or Chinese, our study achieved through language learning. Therefore, we in bilingual teaching process, the whole purpose of teaching is very clear.
Moderator: I do not know if I have mentioned this problem parents, and we were completely the child into a language environment. Is it possible to speak Chinese because of the morning, afternoon, in English, may be confusing, leading to conflict with the child will have two languages, or accept too was not so good?
Wang : This is the question some parents. For children, two to three years in this age there is no mother tongue interference. as we adults learn language interference is very serious purpose. children have such a talent learn two languages. Our experience shows that these children will not be in chaos. When you give him create a pure language environment, they both told him in English, he could not be any expression, he was not conscious to the Chinese expression of the teacher to his back or English, he will be to adapt such an environment. When the period of time over, if he fully understood the contents of the teacher. so our teaching is the step by step spiral. After very detailed design. for children of different ages, we are not the same as the content of teaching. And the focus of teaching is not the same. For example, our child care classes is the accumulation of vocabulary so that children can correspond to the interest . But by the time we have large classes more focused on dialogue, the children's interest in reading, drama, expression, and so active. Different is not the same age. For the children concerned, because we give them language content is controlled, not to say that the age of two children into nursery which is a full-up English, he will be very confused. This is some of the characteristics of our program.
bilingual education for the U.S. grid for Our first in the curriculum and teaching in the form of a theme first. We themes in English and Chinese is more consistent. We also carry out five major areas to reach children learning objectives. this time, our English as a tool to use. s Second, we attach more importance to the learning of English in daily life. learn English is to use, in order to communicate. so we in everyday English, we have a month of different ages have to learn some of his statements. teachers Some will follow this statement to the children. In this process, the same things, like the toilet, the expression of different ages is not the same teacher. So in this process, children are as easy to accept, such as That said, the children of small age, PP, literally, the children to the toilet very understood. to a larger age, teachers must use complex language to the children. is a process of increasing circulation. < br> We also read the contents of some, every day we tell the teacher will be more stories to the children, we believe that the process of reading the story, the children most likely to learn some of life's everyday language. At the same time, we to a large age group, in addition to the story, there are the contents of drama, which is to create some opportunities for children to take the initiative to say. At the same time, we have fun cartoon time. so that children get in touch with some of the original cartoon, in this Children learn to process language expression. So the whole design is concerned, we are the children every detail of every day activities can make to express in English, so learning English is more daily life.
Click here to join ; group of kindergarten teachers in China species is the leading teaching and learning environment. Parents can be involved? because some parents may still not meet, or even if he got, he did not know how to adapt to our kindergarten education.
Ma Teacher: We the United States more than seven years in this grid form a characteristic, that is, the interaction with parents. From the perspective of kindergarten education now, the past is the nursery teachers, parents and also children. But now, with the improvement of the quality of people, in fact, many parents also There is also a very unique educational philosophy. He often does not understand education teachers worse than kindergarten. We hope to form a very interactive in the kindergarten parents relationship. So we have many parents and kindergarten interactive way. For example, every morning, and we In the evenings, our principal must be to stand in the doorway. principal every morning and evening welcome every child sent to kindergarten, parents can at this time there are many opportunities to talk about the principal of the kindergarten.
Second, we will monitor the daily communication with the parents of the time. Every day squad will take time to communicate with parents.
Third, we have a parent salon every month. Parents will focus on the last stage of selecting topic, please some well-known experts and relevant to parents who come to do presentations and discussions. The salon we also have a say in the parents of the parents speak. We started this year parent volunteer system, kindergarten parents to volunteer as a nursery volunteer, there are several aspects about the role: first, to participate in the work to the teacher's teaching, for example, share the role he can do, such as my husband is a soldier, is the study of the aircraft. He did Kindergarten a military and aircraft display area for the children a bit, showing the meaning and content of his uniform. Second, kindergarten parents can become a teacher's assistant, to help teachers manage nursery library, helping teachers with many teaching suggestions. s Third, the parent volunteers to plan the work of kindergarten and parents. For example, when the weekend, kindergarten to go out and make a very useful activities, the site selected, the production process, paid by parent volunteers all do. to So far, very active parent volunteers, and sometimes a lot of parents have a lot of complaints in kindergarten, but his real work in the kindergarten, he suddenly discovered that education is so complex, he would understand us better, and he is willing to Kindergarten children work together to participate.
Fourth, we have an open to parents, usually in the month we are open to parents last week week, every month. every parent can choose the time he came to the kindergarten, for example, if he wanted to see our Chinese language courses, English courses, you can register in advance booking, reservation is done, you can go directly to the nursery for observation. In the process of observation, he can choose to volunteer become a part of a leading teacher. For example, when parents open weeks, we will ask parents and children together to do an outdoor activity, he will design these outdoor activities. In this process, because the parents really participate in the work of kindergarten to , the parents and form a nursery with the door, not just a customer and service role. In this process, both with each other to guide, support and help each other, mutual understanding. Parents will be more accepted concept of kindergarten, kindergarten concept will also be more parents to accept, so that more children benefit.
Moderator: Will work to participate in the kindergarten parents demanding to do?
Ms Ma: No ...
mm MAG Executive Director of the total principal and guest interviews Record
description:
Wang Jianqi MAG Executive Director of Early Childhood Education Group, the principal of office members.
graduated from Beijing Normal University, went to Canada to study in 1992, after returning to work for many years been engaged .2001 Bilingual Kindergarten teacher training, materials development and education services, translation edited by the United States The research, write > He graduated from Northeast Normal University, early childhood education professional, experienced nursery manager. He graduated from Northeast Normal University, early childhood education professional, experienced nursery managers, pre-school education system in Shanxi University, teaching in the pre-research work of any United States ,2005-2007 Grid bilingual kindergarten director, Director, Centre for the post. working on how to construct the appropriate development of children of Chinese and Western curriculum, and successfully led the development of a number of curriculum research and development projects.
Click here to join the MAG Group kindergarten teacher Wang and Ma. first call Ma, Tell us about the U.S. grid size and characteristics of the kindergarten.
Ma Teacher: Bilingual Kindergarten MAG was founded in 2002 in August, is owned by a Chinese Canadian founder of the country. From August 2002 to the present total of 5 Direct Park, located BDA in Beijing, Chaoyang, Fengtai three regions. currently has around 160 staff. school children in 400 or so. In the U.S. grid inception mission and slogan has always been China's international school children, the children of China is committed to provide diversification of the International Perspective of the system. prominent international educational philosophy and style. the United States showing a few cells kinds of features: a feature of the whole language environment is the dual language education system, that is, three general bilingual education in general. The second is that each philosophy of education, promotion of school to play, learn and play. hope that through such a way of teaching children a love of freedom, democracy and childhood. Third, the U.S. grid is initiated with the growth of children and parents, and parents to promote interaction between children, spent his happy childhood. from the inception to the present U.S. grid has been considered parents is in addition to another school outside the subject of education. U.S. grid has been convinced that the problem child, parents often question, from a certain perspective, education of parents of school children are equally important.
Moderator : Our teaching philosophy is to play a very important school, learn and play. For this teaching idea is to put forward? should be how to do it in practice?
Ma Teacher: We play school, play-based learning in children learning characteristics and the child's level of development, and children in this age of the characteristics embodied in the initiative. we can learn a lot of Canada's education system, Western education system is very stressed respect for the child's nature, the nature of the process of the children, games the child is actually the only reality of life. In other words, the child's life is his game during the process. If we want to educate their children, in fact, should conform to his level of development and age characteristics and his way of life to the way the game should be. According to the nature of the game children play with our proposed school, learn and play.
Click here to join the teaching examples, to show our school play, learn and play?
Wang: Because of our high school play, learn and play is actually in the game to learn, to experience joy in learning.
our study and some other main mode of education in the learning process is to let the children learn what he needs to learn. First of all teachers in the education goals to be very clear, even in play, the teacher was very clear, through this What kind of game I want to achieve the learning objectives. For instance, we have regional activities so that children have the right to choose, let him go to his areas of interest inside the game. this game is in the child may appear to be a game, but which contains the fact that many of the value of education. teacher education goals based on his set some content in it, for example, when conducting a subject of teaching, may baby in the family, and perhaps this time our English and Chinese are kind of the theme of learning, the teacher will guide the children to deliberate, for example, to provide some advance on the table cause the child to imagine, to create situations articles. the child into the play which will begin later. In the course of the play he can learn a lot of things, such as the development of social skills, coordination among themselves how such a relationship, cognitive get some increase. If we are just in time, bilingual education, and he hopes the language will more he learned review. So, the children appear in the game, in fact, in the study. this process, we call it the school play, learn and play in the process.
Ma teacher: the entire process from several to reflect aspects of a teaching process in the above are based on the design of our all-day lives of their children's natural attributes of the design. For example, the design of the process of life, from the morning of admission, he began the game started. We learning process in the Learning Center, we provide them with a variety of materials. We provide a valuable approach to the child, for example, we teach children to fire, we will quietly inside the child placed a number of scientific areas materials, such as a bottle of water, a pot of sand, a glass, and some other things. next to put a kerosene lamp. The teacher will alcohol lamp lit, how they try to fire, in the process experience. experience the play in the process of operation. In the course of play to learn the process of fire.
second grid in the United States is concerned, after the Free Play, there is a focus on the children sit together and discuss the time, this discussion and not what the teacher told the children, but children together to discuss how this kind of things we want to solve. with the discussion, we have a feature is the group activities, to have the child we are talking about the operation extended to the back. as child with a variety of activities. kids choose buffet such activities as selection. He finished the event in the choice after most of the activity in the form of the game to achieve through the operation of teacher education purposes. For example, if we hope to children study measured, for example, recognize that you want your child is 12 meters long distances. at this time is concerned, the teacher has not got a very simple rule, opened the 12 meters to the wall. but the teacher selection a very meaningful context, so that when the children in the active discussions, the world's largest dinosaurs were long, the children through the search data, found 12 meters. the teacher using a variety of ways to get children experience 12 How long is the meter. The teacher divided the three groups, one group is slippers, how many slippers is 12 meters. The second is the building block and the third one is the chair. We put the same length of 12 meters, let the children think, 12 meters equals how many pairs of slippers, how many blocks, how many chairs.
in group activity, the children's meal time, meal process, we also put on the process of living and playing together. so between the United States have a time frame, we have every month, to give children a home-made meal time, the child will understand his own labor. In the following outdoor activities we have designed a lot of the way through the game to kids show. including the back of reading time, is more the child to life, natural way to show. Most of us will ask the children themselves speaking their favorite books, toys, things, to express it out, to express his emotions. So from the point of view, we learn and play, play school, on the one hand reflects the game of teaching methods, more often implied in our idea of the U.S. grid is very important, is how to provide children with consistent education the lives of his nature. because the child's life is a game, the game is life, both of which can not be separated, can not tell the child that the game time is game time, learning time is learning time, life time is life time. not the case, we tell children to the three-in-one.
Click here to join the
Moderator: The children are very happy in the here and free to learn something, do you not realize what he was in school, he is completely in the game, he will be very happy, for this pleasure can only be for children . We have not met the parents of the misunderstanding? he could not see what we are taught to the children, we let the kids happy, but not the contents of books, mathematics today and tomorrow to learn English. We have no textbooks , some parents may be more conservative.
Ma Teacher: So there is a characteristic of each feature is very important and parents grow together. We have never taught a course for parents that you parents how to be a qualified also be a very educational parents. In this process, China and the U.S. have a parent cell salon every month. parents park in the United States when the grid we will provide parents guide to illustrate our idea. At the same time, every months will be issued a small book for parents, parents continue to deepen the understanding of the concept of education.
MAG office park in the course of seven years, has experienced very difficult indeed adhere to this concept of the road, the beginning Many parents just join in when the child will not make any objection. because kids like the nursery, but once the children into age groups above the middle shift, most parents have some worries. feeling other kindergarten children in school this, learning that, why the kindergarten children are very happy most of the time to do all kinds of activities? but in the process, we learn the one hand, the U.S. grid design, the design of children's education process, not only only just playing. not play without a purpose, but the very purpose of the educational value inherent to the children play in daily life. this will play to the middle shift gradually over a results show, for example, the child will take the initiative to solve some problems, the child will take the initiative to open some books. the child will take the initiative to discuss with others. In this process, which is recognized by most parents of learning outcomes. Second, we will prompt parents of children with learning process, outcomes and process is what kind of relationship. particularly before the age of six, this outcome is far from impossible to estimate. children of education did not produce conflict on the lives of children have not been anxious mood. So from the perspective of MAG, we have been told the parents, the children before the age of six, he was more important development latitude, will be emotionally and socially. his interpersonal relationships, social interaction, ability to adapt to the difficulties with the way communication with strangers, in this regard will be interested. In this process, if you provide such a process of education, his education is bound to produce results.
If we define education, only books have not learned anything on, in fact, most of our kindergarten parents to understand education is higher than this. so we are pleased that our school has gone through so many years, we have attracted so many parents, we have the same group with We have this idea of the parents grow with us. If parents focus only on knowledge of the results, we analyze the one hand with their children in the process, for their future learning and how much development potential, on the other hand, we will use our school's performance in all graduates, regardless of the child showing what kind of state, if not achieved the kind of parents think that the state, these children in the learning process in the future will be even greater potential.
before we have a number of Taipan is very anxious parents. because every time to time in large classes, parents will allow children to preschool. We are the United States every year for primary school graduates cell tracking. fed back the results is that, we graduated from the U.S. grid graduates enter primary school will be showing several characteristics: first, very interested in learning, if a child from the heart of the study as their intrinsic motivation, he naturally will pay attention to the way teachers teach. Secondly, The child is very cheerful, self-confidence. when he has not something the people around him the courage to seek help, including teachers, principals. Third, the child is not in compliance with the only answer. There are many teachers like that students, when the teacher told him the answer, he would tell the teacher, I think not, I think what is what. so the teacher thought the child quite the creativity. we used this case back to the parents, the parents will be recognized by this idea . he will begin to understand, he chose a very scientific way for children to develop. So if a child into our nursery from the age of two until the age of six, I believe their educational philosophy and teaching methods will grow with us.
Click here to join the : Because we are philosophy of education MAG raised from 2002 to 2009, has been a very new concept, is also a very advanced concept. so our young link, also with us in the education of other age Like, in order to conform to the child's nature of their argument. because we raised the slogan of the U.S. grid is a child of the international schools. On the one hand we want with the international standards, but also integration with China's national conditions.
the face of China's current primary school enrollment status of graduates each year with our tracking and investigation, we regard the young convergence is not simply just the teaching, I like the pre-school special, like a section of the class to come on. We also put the young link In the children's learning and life to do. every child into primary school, there will be quite different. We believe that before the children enter primary school ready to do a good job, not just knowledge of the preparation, more importantly, the emotional and social aspects. According to this emotional and social aspects of the preparation, emphasizing the children before entering elementary school do a good job based on three aspects: first, the basis of motivation, the second, interest base, third, habits basis. If this child into the school before he came to enter primary school do not particularly strong desire to learn is not particularly strong desire. If parents say, if you do on the school, and achieved good results, my mother gave you this gift , that gift, it is very short stimulus. so we converge in the design of young concern for the establishment of intrinsic motivation children, concerned about the child's interest in learning, attention to children good study habits.
basic class of our simulation on September 1 from the large class, we will begin to show the form of classroom simulation. Simulation class is designed to allow children to teach the way of collective experience, just experience. Therefore, only one hour each week just let the children experience the time. In is simulated classroom, we will give them some experience, for example, pull them to primary schools to visit, telling them in another year you will like these as big brothers and big sisters. children are not tried all the things that are very curious. We raised a good child of the collective sense of class. So we will begin to simulate the classroom. We basically basically teaching will focus on some reading, literacy, mathematics, writing,. In addition, we start from 2006 We added some aspects of the English FONIX. simulated classroom teaching methods are often started from reading, because the U.S. grid with particular emphasis in literacy from reading, reading experience. triggered by reading a child's interest for the characters, causing children to read . by simulating the classroom literacy and language courses we hope to achieve this aim: let the children and parents to understand that literacy is not the purpose nor the purpose of reading, like reading is the purpose.
mathematics more of our emphasis on mathematics of life concept. the child to the large class after the interest in mathematics and the understanding of life, more volume, we will simulate a variety of classes presented to him on the mathematical scene, in the process of solving mathematical problems. we are young an increase of the classroom simulation convergence speed calculation part. For example, there developed in teaching addition and subtraction within 20, the speed of calculation, not for children to practice addition and subtraction math, more sensitive to the child's thinking is the exercise.
convergence aspects of young We provide the latitude is the second reading. We provide children to read a hundred books, of which twenty are teachers and parents and children read together, and the remaining eighty is child to read.
Third, we will provide in terms of convergence young social practice. the process of convergence in the young, and we will try to provide children with life, his motivation and the process of language learning, language and mathematics content. So we offer Some social activities include hiking, require that children can not sit any means of transport, half an hour walk with us. Second, we will bring the child to the supermarket, ten dollars to the children, let him ten dollars for five consecutive days to goes. exercise his financial and computing power. Third, we will design with the primary school visit and the friendship with the students. including a requirement for our graduate students before the reading is still in large classes with children about how much fun school and primary school problems may be encountered in the process.
Fourth, the daily habits of convergence. We demand that large classes of two students on duty to send their children to do every day reception. He has to face all the parents and the teacher said, Hello, welcome to MAG kindergarten. This is the exercise the child's self-confidence. We will ask the children into the large class, let him prepare a pencil box, let him learn to organize pencil boxes, books and newspapers.
addition to these, we in the United States There is also a writing course grid. The writing courses, we give children the operation was designed with a topic every day. This is a very playful, for example drawing the maze, along with a word of this figure, the majority of type of work the game. This job every night, we will ask the child home, finished. the next morning to the nursery to. the design of the job we ask children to write their own name, its own operations to be a judge . is for the children entering primary school for the sudden increase in psychological operations to have a good habit.
Finally, we will give kindergarten children's characters offer interesting projects, in fact, we designed a hundred Chinese characters, the hundred hundred stories behind the characters, the story children can read in the reading area. The teacher brought the child line up in the transition part of the time to tell the children to hear, let him on the origin and meaning of Chinese interest in him in primary school When there is a basis for learning.
the next part of the content is in English, which is unique MAG, MAG has been working for creating a bilingual education system. children enter primary school after the break, what kind of English do Please talk about Wang.
Wang: The U.S. grid is concerned, he's bilingual teaching is a very prominent feature, but also we have been pursuing one of the international section. We emphasize the teaching of English language learning not a goal, but let the child have an open international attitude, more exposure to different cultures, multi-cultural acceptance in a very young age. so our English is very unique, first of all we emphasize three half and half:
First, our teaching time is half Chinese, half in English.
Secondly, our teachers are the teachers in half on the Chinese, the other half are English teachers. including English teachers in China and foreign teachers teaching English together.
Third, our teaching courses above, our curriculum is also a theme of course. We may in the morning time is available in English in this part, in the other half in Chinese so we use a theme. For example, the theme of the spring, we are such a form.
Click here to join the is half and half, a half-day lectures we fully with the Chinese, there are half a day is completely in English. whether it is life or entertainment.
Wang: whether living or outdoor activities, all in English.
we there is also a convergence of young FONIX (audio) content, but also we try to do in recent years, more than two years came into contact with the child in English, until the rise to large classes, we believe that in many ways he has done enough prepared to enter into the literacy process. Therefore, we also used in Europe and America, mainly in North America, particularly popular way is called FONIX, translated into Chinese listening and reading is called the natural law. in this way is actually in use A native of the English way to make us like kids in China learn English.
in foreign countries, children do not learn phonetics, he is by FONIX to learn this way. So the children into the Intermediate When we started to recognize letters. when you enter the time in large classes, the teacher will lead them to learn in a different pronunciation of the letter inside a word, we will use a different metaphor, for example, the teacher will get a bell and let the children see what is ? kids would say that this is the bell, it will issue what kind of sound? a jingle bell sound. in a very systematic study after this, the children know, in the words inside, what each letter should be sent tone, when he saw such a word when spelling out the natural can. For example CAT, he naturally came out. So we converge in the young of the year, we will progressively guide the children from learn the basic elements of FONIX, until they can simply listening and reading three or four words, short sentences and then into the reading, or even a small book to read.
we are guided by the children in different ways on this content of interest. to be skilled to use, we have FONIX matching the content of teaching, teaching in the classroom. Meanwhile, we still read the content accordingly, we have some books, the teacher will take the children to read, These are very fun stories, so that children are very interested. At the same time, the children can take home these books to read together with their parents, on the one hand is to let them show their confidence in the results, and also in the continue to learn together with their parents, growing up in communication with the parents.
Ma Teacher: We hope that through this way from all aspects of life, before entering primary school from the child's physical, mental, for his ability to make a sufficient preparation. So said the preschool with the outside is completely different. most of the time, the process of our preschool, we will play by the normal exercise of the teaching to go.
Moderator: We are at the upper afternoons to create an environment for the children?
Wang: Yes. so we hope that we are pure English language environment for the children, we call it into English teaching. This is the first one originated in Canada teaching mode, after decades of research and follow-up survey of scientists to prove that it is a very good way of learning a second voice. So we will absorb the room. the so-called entry-type, that is when half the children inside, His first step into the nursery from the beginning to have entered into such an English environment inside, regardless of the teacher on his morning greetings to sign the part of the children, until his half-day teaching and living environment are all in English. this process have high demands on teachers. so we use the training through a variety of ways to achieve. but the child is concerned, he has immersed himself in the language environment, which, when prompted him to have the desire to learn. Meanwhile, we during the time course design is to provide children with a lot of links. In this process, we emphasize the purpose of learning English is not, but only learning tool, language is just a background. either English or Chinese, our study achieved through language learning. Therefore, we in bilingual teaching process, the whole purpose of teaching is very clear.
Moderator: I do not know if I have mentioned this problem parents, and we were completely the child into a language environment. Is it possible to speak Chinese because of the morning, afternoon, in English, may be confusing, leading to conflict with the child will have two languages, or accept too was not so good?
Wang : This is the question some parents. For children, two to three years in this age there is no mother tongue interference. as we adults learn language interference is very serious purpose. children have such a talent learn two languages. Our experience shows that these children will not be in chaos. When you give him create a pure language environment, they both told him in English, he could not be any expression, he was not conscious to the Chinese expression of the teacher to his back or English, he will be to adapt such an environment. When the period of time over, if he fully understood the contents of the teacher. so our teaching is the step by step spiral. After very detailed design. for children of different ages, we are not the same as the content of teaching. And the focus of teaching is not the same. For example, our child care classes is the accumulation of vocabulary so that children can correspond to the interest . But by the time we have large classes more focused on dialogue, the children's interest in reading, drama, expression, and so active. Different is not the same age. For the children concerned, because we give them language content is controlled, not to say that the age of two children into nursery which is a full-up English, he will be very confused. This is some of the characteristics of our program.
bilingual education for the U.S. grid for Our first in the curriculum and teaching in the form of a theme first. We themes in English and Chinese is more consistent. We also carry out five major areas to reach children learning objectives. this time, our English as a tool to use. s Second, we attach more importance to the learning of English in daily life. learn English is to use, in order to communicate. so we in everyday English, we have a month of different ages have to learn some of his statements. teachers Some will follow this statement to the children. In this process, the same things, like the toilet, the expression of different ages is not the same teacher. So in this process, children are as easy to accept, such as That said, the children of small age, PP, literally, the children to the toilet very understood. to a larger age, teachers must use complex language to the children. is a process of increasing circulation. < br> We also read the contents of some, every day we tell the teacher will be more stories to the children, we believe that the process of reading the story, the children most likely to learn some of life's everyday language. At the same time, we to a large age group, in addition to the story, there are the contents of drama, which is to create some opportunities for children to take the initiative to say. At the same time, we have fun cartoon time. so that children get in touch with some of the original cartoon, in this Children learn to process language expression. So the whole design is concerned, we are the children every detail of every day activities can make to express in English, so learning English is more daily life.
Click here to join ; group of kindergarten teachers in China species is the leading teaching and learning environment. Parents can be involved? because some parents may still not meet, or even if he got, he did not know how to adapt to our kindergarten education.
Ma Teacher: We the United States more than seven years in this grid form a characteristic, that is, the interaction with parents. From the perspective of kindergarten education now, the past is the nursery teachers, parents and also children. But now, with the improvement of the quality of people, in fact, many parents also There is also a very unique educational philosophy. He often does not understand education teachers worse than kindergarten. We hope to form a very interactive in the kindergarten parents relationship. So we have many parents and kindergarten interactive way. For example, every morning, and we In the evenings, our principal must be to stand in the doorway. principal every morning and evening welcome every child sent to kindergarten, parents can at this time there are many opportunities to talk about the principal of the kindergarten.
Second, we will monitor the daily communication with the parents of the time. Every day squad will take time to communicate with parents.
Third, we have a parent salon every month. Parents will focus on the last stage of selecting topic, please some well-known experts and relevant to parents who come to do presentations and discussions. The salon we also have a say in the parents of the parents speak. We started this year parent volunteer system, kindergarten parents to volunteer as a nursery volunteer, there are several aspects about the role: first, to participate in the work to the teacher's teaching, for example, share the role he can do, such as my husband is a soldier, is the study of the aircraft. He did Kindergarten a military and aircraft display area for the children a bit, showing the meaning and content of his uniform. Second, kindergarten parents can become a teacher's assistant, to help teachers manage nursery library, helping teachers with many teaching suggestions. s Third, the parent volunteers to plan the work of kindergarten and parents. For example, when the weekend, kindergarten to go out and make a very useful activities, the site selected, the production process, paid by parent volunteers all do. to So far, very active parent volunteers, and sometimes a lot of parents have a lot of complaints in kindergarten, but his real work in the kindergarten, he suddenly discovered that education is so complex, he would understand us better, and he is willing to Kindergarten children work together to participate.
Fourth, we have an open to parents, usually in the month we are open to parents last week week, every month. every parent can choose the time he came to the kindergarten, for example, if he wanted to see our Chinese language courses, English courses, you can register in advance booking, reservation is done, you can go directly to the nursery for observation. In the process of observation, he can choose to volunteer become a part of a leading teacher. For example, when parents open weeks, we will ask parents and children together to do an outdoor activity, he will design these outdoor activities. In this process, because the parents really participate in the work of kindergarten to , the parents and form a nursery with the door, not just a customer and service role. In this process, both with each other to guide, support and help each other, mutual understanding. Parents will be more accepted concept of kindergarten, kindergarten concept will also be more parents to accept, so that more children benefit.
Moderator: Will work to participate in the kindergarten parents demanding to do?
Ms Ma: No ...
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Order of human origin and evolution of cooperation
Order of human cooperation origin and evolution of
Wang Dingding Luo Weidong Ye Hang (Based on 14-15 May 2005 at the Nanjing University of finishing the same name made the speech content changes)
a
Wang Dingding: I think from two perspectives, the theme of the report leads to this. In fact, today's report is an interdisciplinary problem. explain the problem, economics alone is not enough. We must put it in the social sciences perspective, and with a unified social theory and the evolution of cooperation in order to talk about our humanity.
from the evolution of social theory on this question, there are two angles can be cut. First, we assume that an alien came to a sudden our planet, the first thing he wants, of course, would like to know the animals rule the planet, that we human beings how it is. as an alien, he will not to consider how you act, your motivation What is, or what is behind your actions theoretical system. He is to grasp the simplest, most intuitive, or the most macro of the fact that this animal the way to realize the link between them? From this perspective, foreign Star people may find that the first is the individual as the unit of human activities, unlike the other group of animals to live as a group. to maintain the link between human individuals, there are two main forms, the first is called competition, it is economics family relationships are stressed, it leads to efficiency, resulting in a lot of things, good things, bad things. but also noted the alien is clearly a relationship, that relationship between human beings. For me the earth people, I do not know whether the relationship between these two human beings which is more important. I still do not think clearly, from a genetic point of view, competition and cooperation Which one first, which later. but I can find the latest research literature suggests that people interested in the cooperative, at least in the biological stages of brain evolution even before the competition between human beings. This is an article published in 2004, Economists talk about our competition to see so many, in fact, the importance of cooperation as much as the importance of competition, but economists talk about, or very little about. This is a great lack of mainstream economics, that we need to change.
our subject for today is to discuss cooperation, because the competition talk too much. competition, only a core principle of economics, the concept of price theory in which the Chicago School often say to, of course, is to the Chicago School in terms of oral tradition, the textbooks in general it is hard to see this is a core concept, which is substitutability between on or between things. But we are talking about cooperation, then cooperation between the core concept? relative to the core concepts of competition, we have a cooperative relationship on the core concept that complementary. human relationship, the . The former leads to a competition in our human relations, which resulted in our human relationships.
these two core concepts I put it here, and they mean? competitive relationship between the individual we The core concept is to introduce We can introduce the core concept is said first angle, from the perspective of the second theme of the report today. aliens go, and now we have to explain that the Earth's own thing. So there is the so-called theorists, theorists of the task is observations from the experience of the phenomenon and to find out the regularity of things, such as by observing the launch of Newton's three laws of celestial motion, that is, to experience the world of modeling. So, the traditional economists is how to do modeling human behavior? They established the model is the so-called founders recognized that there are two major factors that influence or determine human behavior. what two factors? in the Chinese tradition called The preface said that the decision we are the most fundamental of human behavior, the most long-term strength, one is economic, the other is religious. �� What is religion? religion is an emotion. Therefore, the can not be fragmented, in human choice behavior are two basic point. Our human reason has never been a cold, non-emotional reason.
in previous economics textbooks and mainstream economists article, into a cute rational reason, become a no emotion, no sense of social justice and moral reason, the market became a cold calculation of mm Subject Social Sciences Research Centre took note of recent years occurred in the Western economic theory a change, this change is very subtle, is perceived by the mainstream economists themselves, and by some mainstream economists to adjust the direction to take the lead and began transferred to the study of human emotions. In this research, in addition to economics, there is brain science, cognitive science, cultural anthropology, social psychology and evolutionary psychology of participation. If it is purely from an economic point of view , these economists are trying to get integrated into the human emotional factors, such as inside the framework of game theory to.
2001, during a very important academic publication and Organization) magazine published an article called experiment, under the conditions of a single prisoner's dilemma, the participants of compassion is stronger, the participants were between the sense of sympathy for closer cooperation easier to achieve. introduced a measure of psychological distance parameters and found that the parameters inversely proportional to the probability of full cooperation. people's psychological distance smaller, the greater the probability of co-occurrence. When this parameter convergence to a certain threshold or a certain point, the participants almost one hundred percent cooperation. At this point before the a region, the relationship between two people is part of the cooperation, part of the cooperative. of the experimenter selected are the same university students. selection of the standard is between them must be familiar with each other and live together more than one year, Only then can measure their compassion. through the game experiments, and obtained some very reliable data. For example, the authors found that compassion is not symmetrical, I sympathize with you, you may not sympathize with me to the same extent. play When the game there is a case, the author called it ; sacrifice interesting things, and it demonstrates that our decision-making behavior, even in a single Prisoner's Dilemma is unable to leave under the conditions of emotional factors. It shows that as before, the Western tradition of the same, because in the eyes of the Chinese people, Westerners are two very different cultural traditions, it is natural to become each other's otherness, or the other side of the mirror. grew up in the West of Western economists, social theorists, can not consciously aware of his own limitations . we, as scholars outside the Western tradition, often it is easy to see their limitations. This can be supplemented, to make our own contribution to the Chinese people. On the other hand, our own cultural traditions but also by their own limitations, not may know their own weaknesses, could not get out, so we still have to work a lot of Westerners to learn.
in the In addition, there are many very deep reflection. they began to reflect, in economics, rational choice theory and social context of the ideological development, they start from when exactly the wrong way. This is a very important thing, is a species of the history of ideas sort out. It is this reflection and Reorganizing, the contemporary economists back into the classical economists Adam. Smith context. Of course, I'm not talking Adam. Smith's but Adam. Smith's So Western scholars to rediscover Smith. the last decade, the West began to Adam. Smith's research into a very hot topic, there is considerable discussion of Adam. Smith's literature. This is the doctoral dissertation teacher Luo Weidong theme, such as teachers under the Law will give us details of the situation .97 years, a publishing house asked me to Responding to these changes since.
in the , and logos in the form of performance is the mathematical logic, in the technical means of expression is the science. These two aspects, that is, basically, , the West still continues to move forward, that is people's choice behavior as a general model of animal behavior research, because most animals have emotional impulses. So in this direction, many zoologists, behavior family, behavioral psychologists, brain scientists have joined the ranks of which came to this study, using scientific instruments in the human brain in and so the teacher will give us lower lobe of the progress in this area.
from 2000 to the present, Western scholars finally discovered the simply can not, as Samuelson put it across the board to open them: here is entirely rational choice, it solves the maximization problem; there is a complete emotional impulses, which determines the social welfare function; rational Select a social welfare function of the various components of the different weight given to, and then add them up. social welfare function is no such thing, today's scientists do not recognize this kind of thing. This is today western economics and social choice theory the latest, most cutting-edge research. In this research, we see two worlds: one is the intellectual history of the world, that is Adam. Smith's world; the other is the scientific frontier of the world, that world of brain science. well, My introduction to end here. Now I put the microphone to the Luo and leaves teachers, let them talk about their respective explore a world.
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Luo Weidong:
Tintin topic for us out today a very appropriate entry in, so it is smoothly leads to the issue behind us. Now a revolution is brewing Economics. Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Social Science Research Center has been a professor of modern economic paradigm in the study encounter and the possible way out of crisis, there are also many domestic peers pay attention to this. present Professor Wei Sen personally are doing similar work. I assumed the role of this process the main emphasis on aspects of intellectual history. specifically, to the modern economy basic proposition of classical learning resources retrospective thinking, particularly concerned about the whole of modern economics, social sciences, what are the resources of modern economics paradigm for innovation support.
I had to return to Adam. Smith, because He is the founder of economics. Modern science such a developed economy, almost all of the important thinking of a person comes from a master of his writings, this is a great thing. Adam. Smith has made a lot of new propositions and creative features. Smith is well known for his contributions to economics, but we must know that Smith is essentially a comprehensive social scientists. all his ideas and theories are problem-based rather than discipline oriented. So, Smith's theory is the most critical aspect of its integrity, or that it is not subject mindset. in a very long time, people familiar with Adam. Smith's And another one of his important book, , it is almost completely forgotten, .
1976, Adam. Smith's Professor of Moral Philosophy. to this commemoration as an opportunity, there are many scholars out of support. people can not launch the presentation through his notes and students understand the context of his real thoughts.
Adam. Smith wrote, 1759, to the last change is three months before he died, was in 1790. the middle of 31 years, when a total of six versions. his on the political system . However, the market mechanism to bring efficiency, but also a moral emotion and brought serious problems. In this regard, Smith, emotional and moral corruption of the business community is the result of human and institutional collusion and therefore need to be concerned about in two ways.
all of our basic assumptions of economics, the core is the In fact, Adam. Smith never raised the the need for food, Smith's words are often treated as his main Zhang Zili is the basis of market economy, a testament to human nature. In Smith, the hand, each person to live in accordance with guidelines for their own interests, the results can increase public welfare. Smith on the self-analysis of the relationship between man and the market is right, but also caused a misunderstanding. Since then, the economics do not seem to ask: why a purely self-interested people will choose to trade this way of peace and a win-win deal with others? why two self-interested behavior to each other will enhance the welfare of others? do, which does not require some of the necessary pre-conditions? We see that economic theory has begun to reflect on this issue. However, until now ask questions of economics, which in the end, or because we misled Smith Smith misunderstanding. I study concluded that more than two centuries, we have a serious misunderstanding of how the economics of Smith's intention to ignore the terrible thought of his real valuable content.
I want to draw attention to is this: Smith The Wealth of Nations two books go hand in hand, carefully inspected, can be found, of academic importance, the normal. For such a paradox, many economists tried to explain, such as paradox is impossible. This means that, unless we adjust the assumption of human nature, otherwise it would not be a good order of human cooperation to explain how such a problem occurs.
reason we hardly self-serving assumption that people explained on the basis of universal human cooperative behavior, it must be because we are the assumptions about human nature, something very important missing. In the era of classical economics, this thing is still there, but the marginal revolution, even back in Sydney Seoul, where this thing was omitted. In a sense, Ricardo times to give up the assumption on the wealth of human nature, human nature taken by a single hypothesis. This assumption is suitable for the purification of social theory, given its scientific form, so is the era of rationalism has been warmly praised by scientists. However, on the assumption that self-interest of people, one-sided prisoner's dilemma has been dragged into the swamp of Nash equilibrium, its irrational side of the display completely out. This has forced today's social scientists, especially economists think that the theory of human nature to be left out. In this way, we must go back to before the creation of Adam Smith economics, back to school the other of the Scottish Enlightenment, such as the Hatch Gibson and Hume.
then, Smith is how to look at this issue? in human society, why did not fall into prisoner's dilemma, the reason for our cooperation can be successful, must have had something beyond the human self Lee's nature. In Smith, this is human nature, a sense of sympathy for a total of capacity. the so-called common sense of compassion is a person with real emotions of other people's physical and mental capacity to respond. we are able to experience empathy for others. The ability to allows us to form some sort of natural tendency of mind and behavior. We can be the joy and pain of others infected. It is because of this ability, we can always stand on the sidelines, to consider and judge their own behavior to What is the appropriate behavior of a decision.
sympathy for the formation of a total sense of social order is in fact the basic human natural endowments. That is, a selfish person, but also share the ability of a person, respect his politics matter always in their own interests and his feelings of others into account and coordination between the judge. In this way, any real individual is not only self-serving side only, but also put themselves in consideration for others side. If human beings have a self-serving nature only and not share the ability to choose does not necessarily universal access to benefits as a means of exchange. as a purely selfish point of view from the efficiency, are more likely to choose violent means. Smith on the human behavior Investigation of the emotional basis for explaining the behavior of human cooperation provides a new theoretical foundation.
look, , its forms and manifestations, as a basis for study of human origins and operation of the order. He stated a truth over and over again is: Human social order is possible, human beings can cooperate, we have been able to form society, not only because We are selfish, but because we always have some kind of put ourselves in the ability for others to consider, and always have empathy endowment, natural endowment, which is talking, we generally sympathetic. This study, while fully based on the experience of observation and introspection, but it has extremely beneficial in today's inspiration.
Smith said that the community should and could be constructed entirely in the human innate sense of sympathy for a total capacity of over talent. He sympathy for a total endowment of which the most basic sense, that the business community to be established, with the reassuring nature of the basis. Smith was seen as a representative of the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, but also because he found the emotional mechanism guidance from God, human reason can survive and develop. In his view, we humans can generate compassion relying on co-operation order, and compassion between people can interact with the appropriate nature of the formation of a rules and order. push is to say, the moral basis of the market economy is also true human nature from which the two meanings, namely, reason and emotion. In the final analysis, order or rule is the emotional interaction between people to achieve a balanced product.
In summary, for the reconstruction of the basis for today's economics to Adam. Smith as the representative works of classical thinkers thought contains important resources, it is worth us to dig, to refine. I Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Social Science Research Centre is the main work of the 18th century British empiricism, the theory of emotionalism, re-sort the evolution of social scientific thought and rational approach to discipline, analysis of modern social science which produce soil, to seek out the lost tradition, will be introduced into the present era of innovation for the added strength of the social sciences.
Tintin attempts in the academic tradition and modern science experiment resources, based on the rational and emotional unity. He proposed a category, I think this is very interesting. ; situation rational to introduce cutting-edge research in this direction, the latest status of international.
Clover Air: In order for everyone to do this report, Wang teachers prepared more than 100 articles the latest and most cutting-edge literature. Yesterday, we had a small range and graduate the discussion, found that all of these documents do not have time to introduce to you. Fortunately, we, Zhejiang University Social Science Research Center Interdisciplinary tracking the international forefront of research in this direction for many years, can filter out the most important introduced to everyone. so much literature, the most representative, actually two.
first is Science scientists. Economists Why go to the Biology Development article? because now the forefront of interdisciplinary social science tendency is very obvious, and interdisciplinary research often involves a combination of economics and biology. Because of these two disciplines who are behavior, in some ways but also of human nature.
This article is in fact a computer simulation report. It is to be solved, that is just Tintin teacher, Luo Weidong teachers are mentioned, namely the most classic case of game become efficient economic behavior in order to achieve Pareto optimality. but in the non-cooperative solution. What does this mean? means that the logic of mainstream economics system is not illegal. Why? because your two assumptions, rationality and efficiency of a conflict can not be self-consistent.
50 years after the last century, Many economists try to solve this problem. At first the idea is to repeat a single Prisoner's Dilemma game as a sub-game, so might Co-operative solution, but not on all occasions. However, there is still a problem. challenge because of the mainstream economics is a single prisoner's dilemma game, you use the iterated prisoner dilemma to solve this problem, logically, is not legitimate? in fact has changed the premise. I introduced the first articles is to solve the Prisoner's Dilemma single issues arising under the conditions of cooperation.
mentioned earlier, this document is the report of a computer simulation. The simulation environment is dating back 20 million years ago the late Pleistocene human hunting gatherer societies, the simulation conditions are in strict accordance with paleoanthropology has confirmed the fact that setting. such as when human society has no authority, no state power, even the chiefs, religious and wizards are not; Another example is when people take the production and consumption is the common way of labor and food sharing, and does not store food. such conditions, a total of eight, all in strict accordance with archeology, anthropology, history, the evidence has been set. In this society, people want to working together and working together, you need cooperation, which will run into problems Prisoner's Dilemma.
such as the primitive people to go out hunting, in the face of a mammoth, others charge forward, hiding behind a man, but sharing food When he emerged, which is a lift. Obviously, this behavior adaptation for survival is higher than the Titans. So, from an evolutionary point of view, no matter how small the difference initially, over millions of years of evolution, adaptation The behavior of high biological groups in a spread, become the dominant mode of behavior. Therefore, the British biologist Richard Dawkins said, if you know anything about biology, you will come to an inevitable conclusion All things come from evolution are selfish, including humans. �� this fact and conclusions of mainstream economics on the assumption that human nature is very consistent, I call it, School economists not seized with the challenge conclusions.
Jin Disi according to Bowles and computer simulation, a purely selfish human population, unable to establish a stable and orderly co-operation will eventually tend to perish. cooperation What is the established order? We must rely on a school fee to be Santa as cooperation, even if this betrayal is not for me, I have to be punished, even at the cost of much personal cost. Therefore, school fees in Santa terminology, this behavior is also known as ; altruistic punishment. computer simulation, only when a human population have evolved such behavior, in order to establish stable and cooperative order.
This map is a dynamic process simulation, conducted a total of 3000 on behalf of the simulation. The first generation is the initial state of zero , assuming people are selfish, the green curve represents this. This red curve represents the free-rider escape the responsibility arising from the probability, the author called it , shirking rate of up to 100%, which means the order can not co-create. from 300 on behalf of the beginning, due to the strong reciprocity evolved, the blue curve is representative of this; we see the rapid population increase in the proportion of partners, from This curve represents the orange. Meanwhile, we note the shirking rate began to decrease obviously. This shows that cooperation in order of population has started to build. to the generation of about 500 or so ethnic groups in the selfish, partners and strong reciprocity, the proportion of basic stabilized at a level to achieve the evolutionary equilibrium. At this time, the proportion of selfish accounted for 38.2%; strong reciprocity, which is just the proportion of 37.2%; and simple partner, accounting for 24.6%; mean to shirk its responsibility rate was 11.1%. I have a corollary of Tintin, if this ratio as the behavioral characteristics of individuals, it means that humanity evolved from the 38% is selfish, is just 37%, while the remaining 24 % is pure goodness.
This map is computer simulation of the phase plane, describes the dynamic evolution of the structure balanced. It vividly illustrates, without the intervention of strong reciprocity, in the selfish and the collaborators of the simple can not achieve balance between. as always selfish advantage, and finally everyone will become a selfish person. and the emergence of strong reciprocity, evolutionary change in the original path. because of the checks and balances, so the cooperative order is created. As we know, the two pivot structure is unstable, only the triangle is stable. Therefore, in the standoff between good and evil, there must be justice intervention. With just punishment, to make selfishness hampered in order to achieve a certain balance of good and evil. This is my first introduced in the literature, a representative of the cutting-edge research is very ...
Wang Dingding Luo Weidong Ye Hang (Based on 14-15 May 2005 at the Nanjing University of finishing the same name made the speech content changes)
a
Wang Dingding: I think from two perspectives, the theme of the report leads to this. In fact, today's report is an interdisciplinary problem. explain the problem, economics alone is not enough. We must put it in the social sciences perspective, and with a unified social theory and the evolution of cooperation in order to talk about our humanity.
from the evolution of social theory on this question, there are two angles can be cut. First, we assume that an alien came to a sudden our planet, the first thing he wants, of course, would like to know the animals rule the planet, that we human beings how it is. as an alien, he will not to consider how you act, your motivation What is, or what is behind your actions theoretical system. He is to grasp the simplest, most intuitive, or the most macro of the fact that this animal the way to realize the link between them? From this perspective, foreign Star people may find that the first is the individual as the unit of human activities, unlike the other group of animals to live as a group. to maintain the link between human individuals, there are two main forms, the first is called competition, it is economics family relationships are stressed, it leads to efficiency, resulting in a lot of things, good things, bad things. but also noted the alien is clearly a relationship, that relationship between human beings. For me the earth people, I do not know whether the relationship between these two human beings which is more important. I still do not think clearly, from a genetic point of view, competition and cooperation Which one first, which later. but I can find the latest research literature suggests that people interested in the cooperative, at least in the biological stages of brain evolution even before the competition between human beings. This is an article published in 2004, Economists talk about our competition to see so many, in fact, the importance of cooperation as much as the importance of competition, but economists talk about, or very little about. This is a great lack of mainstream economics, that we need to change.
our subject for today is to discuss cooperation, because the competition talk too much. competition, only a core principle of economics, the concept of price theory in which the Chicago School often say to, of course, is to the Chicago School in terms of oral tradition, the textbooks in general it is hard to see this is a core concept, which is substitutability between on or between things. But we are talking about cooperation, then cooperation between the core concept? relative to the core concepts of competition, we have a cooperative relationship on the core concept that complementary. human relationship, the . The former leads to a competition in our human relations, which resulted in our human relationships.
these two core concepts I put it here, and they mean? competitive relationship between the individual we The core concept is to introduce We can introduce the core concept is said first angle, from the perspective of the second theme of the report today. aliens go, and now we have to explain that the Earth's own thing. So there is the so-called theorists, theorists of the task is observations from the experience of the phenomenon and to find out the regularity of things, such as by observing the launch of Newton's three laws of celestial motion, that is, to experience the world of modeling. So, the traditional economists is how to do modeling human behavior? They established the model is the so-called founders recognized that there are two major factors that influence or determine human behavior. what two factors? in the Chinese tradition called The preface said that the decision we are the most fundamental of human behavior, the most long-term strength, one is economic, the other is religious. �� What is religion? religion is an emotion. Therefore, the can not be fragmented, in human choice behavior are two basic point. Our human reason has never been a cold, non-emotional reason.
in previous economics textbooks and mainstream economists article, into a cute rational reason, become a no emotion, no sense of social justice and moral reason, the market became a cold calculation of mm Subject Social Sciences Research Centre took note of recent years occurred in the Western economic theory a change, this change is very subtle, is perceived by the mainstream economists themselves, and by some mainstream economists to adjust the direction to take the lead and began transferred to the study of human emotions. In this research, in addition to economics, there is brain science, cognitive science, cultural anthropology, social psychology and evolutionary psychology of participation. If it is purely from an economic point of view , these economists are trying to get integrated into the human emotional factors, such as inside the framework of game theory to.
2001, during a very important academic publication and Organization) magazine published an article called experiment, under the conditions of a single prisoner's dilemma, the participants of compassion is stronger, the participants were between the sense of sympathy for closer cooperation easier to achieve. introduced a measure of psychological distance parameters and found that the parameters inversely proportional to the probability of full cooperation. people's psychological distance smaller, the greater the probability of co-occurrence. When this parameter convergence to a certain threshold or a certain point, the participants almost one hundred percent cooperation. At this point before the a region, the relationship between two people is part of the cooperation, part of the cooperative. of the experimenter selected are the same university students. selection of the standard is between them must be familiar with each other and live together more than one year, Only then can measure their compassion. through the game experiments, and obtained some very reliable data. For example, the authors found that compassion is not symmetrical, I sympathize with you, you may not sympathize with me to the same extent. play When the game there is a case, the author called it ; sacrifice interesting things, and it demonstrates that our decision-making behavior, even in a single Prisoner's Dilemma is unable to leave under the conditions of emotional factors. It shows that as before, the Western tradition of the same, because in the eyes of the Chinese people, Westerners are two very different cultural traditions, it is natural to become each other's otherness, or the other side of the mirror. grew up in the West of Western economists, social theorists, can not consciously aware of his own limitations . we, as scholars outside the Western tradition, often it is easy to see their limitations. This can be supplemented, to make our own contribution to the Chinese people. On the other hand, our own cultural traditions but also by their own limitations, not may know their own weaknesses, could not get out, so we still have to work a lot of Westerners to learn.
in the In addition, there are many very deep reflection. they began to reflect, in economics, rational choice theory and social context of the ideological development, they start from when exactly the wrong way. This is a very important thing, is a species of the history of ideas sort out. It is this reflection and Reorganizing, the contemporary economists back into the classical economists Adam. Smith context. Of course, I'm not talking Adam. Smith's but Adam. Smith's So Western scholars to rediscover Smith. the last decade, the West began to Adam. Smith's research into a very hot topic, there is considerable discussion of Adam. Smith's literature. This is the doctoral dissertation teacher Luo Weidong theme, such as teachers under the Law will give us details of the situation .97 years, a publishing house asked me to Responding to these changes since.
in the , and logos in the form of performance is the mathematical logic, in the technical means of expression is the science. These two aspects, that is, basically, , the West still continues to move forward, that is people's choice behavior as a general model of animal behavior research, because most animals have emotional impulses. So in this direction, many zoologists, behavior family, behavioral psychologists, brain scientists have joined the ranks of which came to this study, using scientific instruments in the human brain in and so the teacher will give us lower lobe of the progress in this area.
from 2000 to the present, Western scholars finally discovered the simply can not, as Samuelson put it across the board to open them: here is entirely rational choice, it solves the maximization problem; there is a complete emotional impulses, which determines the social welfare function; rational Select a social welfare function of the various components of the different weight given to, and then add them up. social welfare function is no such thing, today's scientists do not recognize this kind of thing. This is today western economics and social choice theory the latest, most cutting-edge research. In this research, we see two worlds: one is the intellectual history of the world, that is Adam. Smith's world; the other is the scientific frontier of the world, that world of brain science. well, My introduction to end here. Now I put the microphone to the Luo and leaves teachers, let them talk about their respective explore a world.
two
Luo Weidong:
Tintin topic for us out today a very appropriate entry in, so it is smoothly leads to the issue behind us. Now a revolution is brewing Economics. Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Social Science Research Center has been a professor of modern economic paradigm in the study encounter and the possible way out of crisis, there are also many domestic peers pay attention to this. present Professor Wei Sen personally are doing similar work. I assumed the role of this process the main emphasis on aspects of intellectual history. specifically, to the modern economy basic proposition of classical learning resources retrospective thinking, particularly concerned about the whole of modern economics, social sciences, what are the resources of modern economics paradigm for innovation support.
I had to return to Adam. Smith, because He is the founder of economics. Modern science such a developed economy, almost all of the important thinking of a person comes from a master of his writings, this is a great thing. Adam. Smith has made a lot of new propositions and creative features. Smith is well known for his contributions to economics, but we must know that Smith is essentially a comprehensive social scientists. all his ideas and theories are problem-based rather than discipline oriented. So, Smith's theory is the most critical aspect of its integrity, or that it is not subject mindset. in a very long time, people familiar with Adam. Smith's And another one of his important book, , it is almost completely forgotten, .
1976, Adam. Smith's Professor of Moral Philosophy. to this commemoration as an opportunity, there are many scholars out of support. people can not launch the presentation through his notes and students understand the context of his real thoughts.
Adam. Smith wrote, 1759, to the last change is three months before he died, was in 1790. the middle of 31 years, when a total of six versions. his on the political system . However, the market mechanism to bring efficiency, but also a moral emotion and brought serious problems. In this regard, Smith, emotional and moral corruption of the business community is the result of human and institutional collusion and therefore need to be concerned about in two ways.
all of our basic assumptions of economics, the core is the In fact, Adam. Smith never raised the the need for food, Smith's words are often treated as his main Zhang Zili is the basis of market economy, a testament to human nature. In Smith, the hand, each person to live in accordance with guidelines for their own interests, the results can increase public welfare. Smith on the self-analysis of the relationship between man and the market is right, but also caused a misunderstanding. Since then, the economics do not seem to ask: why a purely self-interested people will choose to trade this way of peace and a win-win deal with others? why two self-interested behavior to each other will enhance the welfare of others? do, which does not require some of the necessary pre-conditions? We see that economic theory has begun to reflect on this issue. However, until now ask questions of economics, which in the end, or because we misled Smith Smith misunderstanding. I study concluded that more than two centuries, we have a serious misunderstanding of how the economics of Smith's intention to ignore the terrible thought of his real valuable content.
I want to draw attention to is this: Smith The Wealth of Nations two books go hand in hand, carefully inspected, can be found, of academic importance, the normal. For such a paradox, many economists tried to explain, such as paradox is impossible. This means that, unless we adjust the assumption of human nature, otherwise it would not be a good order of human cooperation to explain how such a problem occurs.
reason we hardly self-serving assumption that people explained on the basis of universal human cooperative behavior, it must be because we are the assumptions about human nature, something very important missing. In the era of classical economics, this thing is still there, but the marginal revolution, even back in Sydney Seoul, where this thing was omitted. In a sense, Ricardo times to give up the assumption on the wealth of human nature, human nature taken by a single hypothesis. This assumption is suitable for the purification of social theory, given its scientific form, so is the era of rationalism has been warmly praised by scientists. However, on the assumption that self-interest of people, one-sided prisoner's dilemma has been dragged into the swamp of Nash equilibrium, its irrational side of the display completely out. This has forced today's social scientists, especially economists think that the theory of human nature to be left out. In this way, we must go back to before the creation of Adam Smith economics, back to school the other of the Scottish Enlightenment, such as the Hatch Gibson and Hume.
then, Smith is how to look at this issue? in human society, why did not fall into prisoner's dilemma, the reason for our cooperation can be successful, must have had something beyond the human self Lee's nature. In Smith, this is human nature, a sense of sympathy for a total of capacity. the so-called common sense of compassion is a person with real emotions of other people's physical and mental capacity to respond. we are able to experience empathy for others. The ability to allows us to form some sort of natural tendency of mind and behavior. We can be the joy and pain of others infected. It is because of this ability, we can always stand on the sidelines, to consider and judge their own behavior to What is the appropriate behavior of a decision.
sympathy for the formation of a total sense of social order is in fact the basic human natural endowments. That is, a selfish person, but also share the ability of a person, respect his politics matter always in their own interests and his feelings of others into account and coordination between the judge. In this way, any real individual is not only self-serving side only, but also put themselves in consideration for others side. If human beings have a self-serving nature only and not share the ability to choose does not necessarily universal access to benefits as a means of exchange. as a purely selfish point of view from the efficiency, are more likely to choose violent means. Smith on the human behavior Investigation of the emotional basis for explaining the behavior of human cooperation provides a new theoretical foundation.
look, , its forms and manifestations, as a basis for study of human origins and operation of the order. He stated a truth over and over again is: Human social order is possible, human beings can cooperate, we have been able to form society, not only because We are selfish, but because we always have some kind of put ourselves in the ability for others to consider, and always have empathy endowment, natural endowment, which is talking, we generally sympathetic. This study, while fully based on the experience of observation and introspection, but it has extremely beneficial in today's inspiration.
Smith said that the community should and could be constructed entirely in the human innate sense of sympathy for a total capacity of over talent. He sympathy for a total endowment of which the most basic sense, that the business community to be established, with the reassuring nature of the basis. Smith was seen as a representative of the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, but also because he found the emotional mechanism guidance from God, human reason can survive and develop. In his view, we humans can generate compassion relying on co-operation order, and compassion between people can interact with the appropriate nature of the formation of a rules and order. push is to say, the moral basis of the market economy is also true human nature from which the two meanings, namely, reason and emotion. In the final analysis, order or rule is the emotional interaction between people to achieve a balanced product.
In summary, for the reconstruction of the basis for today's economics to Adam. Smith as the representative works of classical thinkers thought contains important resources, it is worth us to dig, to refine. I Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Social Science Research Centre is the main work of the 18th century British empiricism, the theory of emotionalism, re-sort the evolution of social scientific thought and rational approach to discipline, analysis of modern social science which produce soil, to seek out the lost tradition, will be introduced into the present era of innovation for the added strength of the social sciences.
Tintin attempts in the academic tradition and modern science experiment resources, based on the rational and emotional unity. He proposed a category, I think this is very interesting. ; situation rational to introduce cutting-edge research in this direction, the latest status of international.
Clover Air: In order for everyone to do this report, Wang teachers prepared more than 100 articles the latest and most cutting-edge literature. Yesterday, we had a small range and graduate the discussion, found that all of these documents do not have time to introduce to you. Fortunately, we, Zhejiang University Social Science Research Center Interdisciplinary tracking the international forefront of research in this direction for many years, can filter out the most important introduced to everyone. so much literature, the most representative, actually two.
first is Science scientists. Economists Why go to the Biology Development article? because now the forefront of interdisciplinary social science tendency is very obvious, and interdisciplinary research often involves a combination of economics and biology. Because of these two disciplines who are behavior, in some ways but also of human nature.
This article is in fact a computer simulation report. It is to be solved, that is just Tintin teacher, Luo Weidong teachers are mentioned, namely the most classic case of game become efficient economic behavior in order to achieve Pareto optimality. but in the non-cooperative solution. What does this mean? means that the logic of mainstream economics system is not illegal. Why? because your two assumptions, rationality and efficiency of a conflict can not be self-consistent.
50 years after the last century, Many economists try to solve this problem. At first the idea is to repeat a single Prisoner's Dilemma game as a sub-game, so might Co-operative solution, but not on all occasions. However, there is still a problem. challenge because of the mainstream economics is a single prisoner's dilemma game, you use the iterated prisoner dilemma to solve this problem, logically, is not legitimate? in fact has changed the premise. I introduced the first articles is to solve the Prisoner's Dilemma single issues arising under the conditions of cooperation.
mentioned earlier, this document is the report of a computer simulation. The simulation environment is dating back 20 million years ago the late Pleistocene human hunting gatherer societies, the simulation conditions are in strict accordance with paleoanthropology has confirmed the fact that setting. such as when human society has no authority, no state power, even the chiefs, religious and wizards are not; Another example is when people take the production and consumption is the common way of labor and food sharing, and does not store food. such conditions, a total of eight, all in strict accordance with archeology, anthropology, history, the evidence has been set. In this society, people want to working together and working together, you need cooperation, which will run into problems Prisoner's Dilemma.
such as the primitive people to go out hunting, in the face of a mammoth, others charge forward, hiding behind a man, but sharing food When he emerged, which is a lift. Obviously, this behavior adaptation for survival is higher than the Titans. So, from an evolutionary point of view, no matter how small the difference initially, over millions of years of evolution, adaptation The behavior of high biological groups in a spread, become the dominant mode of behavior. Therefore, the British biologist Richard Dawkins said, if you know anything about biology, you will come to an inevitable conclusion All things come from evolution are selfish, including humans. �� this fact and conclusions of mainstream economics on the assumption that human nature is very consistent, I call it, School economists not seized with the challenge conclusions.
Jin Disi according to Bowles and computer simulation, a purely selfish human population, unable to establish a stable and orderly co-operation will eventually tend to perish. cooperation What is the established order? We must rely on a school fee to be Santa as cooperation, even if this betrayal is not for me, I have to be punished, even at the cost of much personal cost. Therefore, school fees in Santa terminology, this behavior is also known as ; altruistic punishment. computer simulation, only when a human population have evolved such behavior, in order to establish stable and cooperative order.
This map is a dynamic process simulation, conducted a total of 3000 on behalf of the simulation. The first generation is the initial state of zero , assuming people are selfish, the green curve represents this. This red curve represents the free-rider escape the responsibility arising from the probability, the author called it , shirking rate of up to 100%, which means the order can not co-create. from 300 on behalf of the beginning, due to the strong reciprocity evolved, the blue curve is representative of this; we see the rapid population increase in the proportion of partners, from This curve represents the orange. Meanwhile, we note the shirking rate began to decrease obviously. This shows that cooperation in order of population has started to build. to the generation of about 500 or so ethnic groups in the selfish, partners and strong reciprocity, the proportion of basic stabilized at a level to achieve the evolutionary equilibrium. At this time, the proportion of selfish accounted for 38.2%; strong reciprocity, which is just the proportion of 37.2%; and simple partner, accounting for 24.6%; mean to shirk its responsibility rate was 11.1%. I have a corollary of Tintin, if this ratio as the behavioral characteristics of individuals, it means that humanity evolved from the 38% is selfish, is just 37%, while the remaining 24 % is pure goodness.
This map is computer simulation of the phase plane, describes the dynamic evolution of the structure balanced. It vividly illustrates, without the intervention of strong reciprocity, in the selfish and the collaborators of the simple can not achieve balance between. as always selfish advantage, and finally everyone will become a selfish person. and the emergence of strong reciprocity, evolutionary change in the original path. because of the checks and balances, so the cooperative order is created. As we know, the two pivot structure is unstable, only the triangle is stable. Therefore, in the standoff between good and evil, there must be justice intervention. With just punishment, to make selfishness hampered in order to achieve a certain balance of good and evil. This is my first introduced in the literature, a representative of the cutting-edge research is very ...
Monday, February 21, 2011
07 GRE medicine, pathology digest some notes
Seven, treatment
(a) general treatment
1. Rest 2 high-calorie diet, high protein and vitamin rich foods easy to digest as appropriate. Hepatic dysfunction or hepatic encephalopathy aura should be restricted or prohibited food proteins; have ascites salt or no salt diet should be. alcohol and to avoid eating hard foods rough, disable damage the liver support treatment drug .3 patients with decompensated anorexia, eating less, cutting and more nausea and vomiting, should be intravenous hypertonic glucose solution to supplement the heat, the infusion can be added Vitamins C, insulin, kcl, etc.; should pay special attention to maintain water and electrolyte and acid-base balance, the condition can be heavier compound amino acid, albumin or blood.
(b ) There is no cure for drug treatment, usually available vitamins and digestive enzymes. colchicine have some antifibrotic effect on liver functional reserve in patients with decompensated better have a certain effect, 1mg / d, 2 times service, 5 days a week. TCM treatment of drug commonly used blood stasis syndrome differentiation-based.
(c) ascites
1. limitation of water, sodium intake
2. diuretic use main use of spironolactone (spironolactone, potassium retention diuretics, alone can lead to hyperkalemia, there are hormone-like side effects such as gynecomastia, can use ammonia or Ben pteridine) and furosemide (furosemide , Pai potassium-sparing diuretics, alone should be taken KCl). currently advocated in combination.
3. paracentesis plus albumin lost
4. increase the plasma colloid osmotic pressure a small amount of blood or albumin infusion times
5. ascites reinfusion treatment of refractory ascites. paracentesis 5000-10000ml, through the enrichment process for the 500ml, come back to lose. to clear some of the water and sodium retention, but can increase the plasma concentrations of albumin and effective blood volume to improve the renal blood circulation to eliminate or reduce ascites. There can not be infected ascites reinfusion.
6. celiac - jugular vein drainage (Le Veen drainage method)
(d) Surgical treatment of portal hypertension portal vein pressure decreased and the elimination of hypersplenism. no jaundice or ascites, mild liver damage and no complications, surgery is better.
(e) complications of treatment
1. upper gastrointestinal bleeding First aid measures: fasting , supine, intensive care, the rapid and effective blood volume supplement to correct the hemorrhagic shock and hemostasis to take effective measures to prevent hepatic encephalopathy.
2. stepped up to support the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and the use of antimicrobial agents. emphasized earlier, adequate and joint use of antimicrobial drugs, to immediately upon diagnosis. the main consideration for the G-G + cocci bacteria and drugs, such as Ampicillin, cefotaxime sodium masonry, cephalosporins it fixed, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and other select 2 -3 types of joint use. According to the results of treatment response and to consider adjusting the training of antimicrobial agents; started a few days dose should be large, stable condition after the reduction; due to recurrence of complications, medication time, not less than 2 weeks.
3. Liver encephalopathy see below section
4. currently no effective treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. In a positive context to improve liver function, to take a rapid control of gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, predisposing factors; 2 strictly control the fluid volume, measure out the entry, correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base balance disorder; 3 infusion of dextran, albumin or concentrated ascites reinfusion to raise circulating blood volume, improve renal blood flow, based on the expansion of diuretics; 4 vasoactive drugs such as dopamine , PGI2 can improve renal blood flow, increased glomerular filtration rate; 5 focus on prevention, to avoid a strong diuretic, simply put a lot of damage to liver function with ascites and taking drugs.
(f) Eight liver transplant
pathology
naked eye: the early and middle liver volume is normal or slightly larger, slightly harder texture. late liver volume reduced weight. nodular surface was small, similar in size, the largest nodule diameter of less than 1.0cm, see the summary section fibrous tissue between sections of the cable package to Rao, yellow brown nodules (steatosis) or yellow-green (cholestasis)
microscope: normal lobular structure was destroyed by the extensive proliferation of fibrous tissue to regeneration Results divided into sections of varying sizes surrounded, round or oval-shaped liver cell mass, known as the fake leaflets. false lobular liver cell cord disorder, more liver cells, and a large, deeply stained, often found in liver cells dual-core . centrilobular vein absent, partial-bit or more than two. pseudolobuli weeks the fibrous tissue outside the Zhouzeng Sheng is also the number of different chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, and often oppressed, destroyed small bile ducts, causing bile duct in cholestasis. In addition in the proliferation of fibrous tissue in the newborn can see the small bile duct and bile duct without the false lumen.
nine, clinical features
1. portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis as the liver vascular system is destroyed when alterations caused (see pathogenesis), clinical manifestations see above clinical manifestations.
2. liver dysfunction liver is mainly the result of long-term repeatedly damaged. See also the related clinical manifestations of clinical manifestations.
7 . primary liver cancer (Primary Carcinoma of the Liver)
I, misprision of clinical manifestations of early onset
lack of typical symptoms. The early detection of cases of AFP screening may be no symptoms and signs, called subclinical hepatic cancer. self-treatment were mostly in the late stage, the main features of
1. more than half of liver pain liver pain, mostly persistent swelling or dull pain. If lesions violations diaphragm, right shoulder pain may be involved, such as tumors grow slowly, may be completely painless or only slightly dull. When the surface of the nodules of liver rupture and necrosis of cancer tissue and blood into the abdominal cavity, it can cause sudden severe pain, from the liver rapidly spread to the whole abdomen , resulting in acute abdominal symptoms. such as the large amount of bleeding, which can cause fainting and shock
2. hepatomegaly of the liver was carried out large, hard, uneven surface, with nodules, or massive, blunt the edge of not neat, often with different degrees of tenderness. hepatocellular carcinoma protruding from under the right costal arch or xiphoid, the upper abdomen can present as partial or full of uplift, such as Qi in the diaphragm, is mainly for raising the liver under the diaphragm margin can be small. nodules under the costal arch at the most likely to be touched.
3. jaundice usually appears in late may be due to liver cell damage caused, or because of oppression or violation of Aikuai hepatic bile duct near the door, or loss caused by cancer and blood clots caused by biliary obstruction
4. cirrhosis of the liver signs of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension may have splenomegaly, ascites, venous collateral circulation, such as performance. ascites rapidly increased, usually transudate. hemorrhagic ascites due to cancer, multiple violations of the liver capsule or rupture of the abdominal cavity caused by, oh, because of stroke caused by metastatic cancer.
5. malignancies general performance of weight loss, fever, loss of appetite, fatigue, nutrition cachexia and other poor and minority cancer patients with liver cancer itself, as the host body's metabolism and thus affect the endocrine or metabolic abnormalities, systemic manifestations may have a special, called paraneoplastic syndrome to spontaneous hypoglycemia, polycythemia common. on the performance of the liver is large and there are such patients should be alert to the existence of the disease.
6. In case of metastatic lung symptoms, bone, chest, etc. transfer, can generate response symptoms. pleural metastasis to the right common, may have pleural effusion . bones, or spinal metastases, may have local tenderness or symptoms of nerve compression, brain metastasis may have symptoms of nerve localization.
Second, hospitals are often self-diagnose
with typical symptoms, generally to the middle and late. on middle-aged history of liver disease, especially in male patients, if unexplained liver pain, weight loss, progressive hepatomegaly, should be measured and selected AFP do other laboratory tests for early diagnosis. AFP continued to increase in low concentration However, normal aminotransferases, often sub-clinical liver cancer mainly.
Third, the differential diagnosis
1. secondary liver cancer originating in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, breast, etc. of the foci often transfer to the liver . this type of cancer, slow progression of the disease, symptoms mild. AFP tests revealed a small number of primary cancer cases in the digestive tract of (+), in general, as (-). The key to diagnosis and pathological examination found outside the primary liver cancer evidence.
2. cirrhosis of the liver if the liver cirrhosis patients had significantly large, hard of large nodules, or liver atrophy and image inspection also found that lesions, the possibility of large liver cancer, repeated Check the AFP or AFP heterogeneity, close follow-up can be diagnosed.
3. active liver disease, such as AFP and ALT increased dynamic curve parallel or simultaneous, or ALT continued to increase to several times normal, the possibility of active liver disease large. If curve separation, AFP normal or elevated ALT decreased by the high, more consideration to liver cancer.
4. liver abscess generally have significant clinical manifestations of inflammation, swelling of the liver surface is smooth without nodules, tenderness was . close to the abdominal wall abscess often edema, right upper quadrant abdominal muscle tension. WBC increased. Ultrasonography of the liver liquid dark area. When the pus thick, dark area has not been formed when the liquid is difficult to diagnose ultrasound examination should be done repeatedly necessary to make a diagnosis of ultrasound guided.
5. near the liver to the hepatic tumor retroperitoneal soft tissue tumors from kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, colon cancer, etc. can also be present in the upper abdomen abdominal mass , resulting in confusion. ultrasonography helps to distinguish the nature of the tumor, AFP test should be negative. identification of difficulties need to be confirmed exploratory laparotomy.
6. hepatic lesions of non-cancerous liver hemangioma, polycystic liver , echinococcosis and other available CT, Ho Su radioactive blood pool scan, MRI and ultrasound to help diagnosis, exploratory laparotomy is sometimes necessary to diagnose.
IV pathological
(a) of the eye type
1. early HCC : Small hepatocellular carcinoma nodule diameter is less than a single 3cm, or nodules of not more than 2, the sum of the 3cm diameter less often in patients with no clinical symptoms, and serum AFP positive hepatocellular carcinoma. nodules were spherical or lobulated, gray and white matter is relatively soft, cut surface without hemorrhage and necrosis, clear boundaries with the surrounding tissue.
2. of advanced liver cancer type:
I. bulky tumor is a massive entity, prototype, diameter, often more than 15cm, and more in the right lobe. soft, variegated cut surface, often hemorrhagic necrosis. often scattered around the tumor-like nodules in the satellite.
II. nodules up to see more often occurs with cirrhosis of the liver. nodules more scattered, round or oval sizes in diameter from a few millimeters to several centimeters, some merging into larger nodules. capsule of the tumor nodules to the surface uplift, green brown cut surface, and sometimes see the bleeding
III. diffuse diffuse distribution in the liver cancer tissue, no obvious nodules, this type of rare.
(b) The histological type < br> I. carcinoma the most common type of liver cells from the cancer. well differentiated cancer cells and normal liver cells were similar. poorly differentiated cancer cell atypia were obvious, often the nuclear and multinucleated giant tumor cells. Some cancer cells were arranged in cords (cord-like type); also showed duct-like (false tubular type). Sometimes there are a large number of cancer fibrous tissue segmentation (sclerosis).
II. bile duct carcinoma is less common, intrahepatic bile duct epithelium from cancer. its organizational structure, or simple, mostly adenocarcinoma cancer. less cirrhosis. sometimes secondary to clonorchiasis patients.
III. mixed with hepatocellular carcinoma two structures and bile duct carcinoma, the most rare.
(c) clinical
see above
(d) pathways
liver spread and metastasis in the liver first. cancer cells along the portal vein usually spread, the formation of metastatic cancer nodules in the liver, but also retrograde spread to the extrahepatic portal vein, thrombus formation, causing portal hypertension. extrahepatic metastasis primarily through lymphatic metastasis to hilar lymph nodes, abdominal lymph nodes and retroperitoneal lymph nodes . late can be transferred to the lungs through the hepatic vein, adrenal gland, brain and bone, etc..
8. hepatic encephalopathy (Hepatic encephalopathy HE)
one cause,
is by the majority of hepatitis HE sclerosis (the most common viral cirrhosis of the liver) caused also by the improvement of portal hypertension caused by portosystemic shunt surgery. a small part of the HE seen in severe viral hepatitis, toxic hepatitis and acute liver disease or drug-induced fulminant hepatic failure. more rare There are reasons for primary liver cancer, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, severe biliary tract infections.
major cause of a large number of rows of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in 2 high-protein diet for 4 3 potassium diuretic sedative hypnotic uremic 7 6 5 release constipation 8 9 ascites surgical infections.
Second, the pathogenesis of
(a) of the doctrine of ammonia poisoning ammonia generated
increased less clear, [ammonia] increased energy metabolism can interfere with the brain. mechanism has the following two aspects:
1. inhibited alanine dehydrogenase activity, thereby affecting the Co-A formation, interfere with the brain the citric acid cycle.
2. in the brain detoxification process, the amine and a-ketoglutarate combined into glutamic acid, glutamate by glutamine synthetase in astrocytes under the action of the enzyme combination of glutamine and ammonia. glutamine is an infiltration of organic matter, excessive synthesis of stellate cells can lead to swelling, resulting in cerebral edema. a-ketoglutarate is an important intermediate in the Krebs cycle, the lack of brain cells when the energy supply can not maintain normal function. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, lack of inhibition of the brain increases, ammonia can interfere with nerve conduction directly affect brain function.
HE the causes of elevated blood ammonia when: 1 excess nitrogen intake of food (high protein diet) or drugs, or upper gastrointestinal bleeding (containing about 20g per 100ml of blood protein) is increased intestinal production of ammonia 2 metabolic alkalosis hypokalemic alkalosis prompted NH3 into the cells through the blood-brain barrier toxic 3 hypovolemic constipation and ascites 4 5 6 infection low blood sugar 7 Other (sedative, hypnotic, anesthesia, surgery, etc..)
(b) (g-aminobutyric acid / Ben benzodiazepines [GABA / BZ] complex theory)
can promote Cl-ion conduction into the postsynaptic neuron, causing inhibition of nerve conduction.
(c) of the amines, thiols, and short-chain fatty acids synergistic toxicity
(d) false doctrine
excitatory neurotransmitter neurotransmitters are: catecholamines in norepinephrine and dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate and so on. inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain to form only.
aromatic amino acids in food such as tyrosine, Phe acid by intestinal bacteria decarboxylase, respectively, into the role of tyramine and phenylethylamine. normal, the two amines is cleared in the liver, liver failure, the removal occurs barriers, two kinds of amine into the brain tissue. b-hydroxylase in the brain were formed under the influence? J amines (b hydroxyl tyramine) and phenylethanolamine. After the two kinds of chemical structure and normal neurotransmitter norepinephrine similar structure, so called false neurotransmitters. When false neurotransmitter uptake by brain cells and synapses in the normal place of neurotransmitters, the nerve conduction disorder in the excitement not normally conducted impulses to the cerebral cortex and abnormal inhibition, disturbance of consciousness and coma.
(five ) imbalance in amino acid metabolism in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis
theory of plasma aromatic amino acids (Phe, casein, color) increase in the branched chain amino acids decrease. normal catabolism of aromatic amino acids in the liver, liver failure decreased when the decomposition Therefore, increased blood concentrations. normal skeletal muscle branched-chain amino acids mainly in the decomposition of insulin to promote the role of these amino acids into muscle, liver failure inactivation of insulin reduced to a large number of branched-chain amino acids into muscle, blood concentration decreased. The two groups competitive exclusion of amino acids enter the brain. aromatic amino acids into the brain increased, further the formation of false neurotransmitters. hematoma in patients with cirrhosis of the liver tryptophan increased number of tryptophan in the brain can be derived for the 5 - HT, is the central nerve of some neurons inhibitory neurotransmitter, have antagonistic effects of norepinephrine may also be concerned with the unconscious.
III clinical
a (prodromal phase) with mild personality changes and behavioral disorders, such as the euphoric excitement or less indifferent words, disheveled or Urinating or defecating. response is still accurate, and slowly spit the word unclear. may have flapping wing-like vibrations, also known as liver flutter (Zhu Huanzhe Stretch arms, elbow fixed , extending to the dorsal hand, fingers separated, the visible hand of the lateral deflection, metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist or elbow and shoulder to fall on rapid, irregular shakes). EEG were normal, this period lasted several days or weeks, sometimes less marked
two (pre-coma) to confusion, sleep disturbance is, behavioral disorders based. before one of the symptoms. orientation and understanding were decreased, and when people , land of confusion, unable to complete simple calculations and intellectual composition, slurred speech, writing disorders, abnormal behavior. more than a perversion of sleep time, or even the illusion of fear or mania. The signs of the patients had significant neurological, such as tendon reflexes hyperthyroidism, increased muscle tone, spasm and ankle Babinski sign positive matrix. flapping wing-like tremor persists, there are specific EEG abnormalities can occur in patients with involuntary movements and movement disorders
three (sleeping period) to lethargy and mental disorder-based, all into the spirit of the symptoms persist or worsen, patients were comatose most of the time, but you can wake up. wake up to answer the questioning style, but often confusion and hallucinations. flapping wing-like chatter can lead to . to increase muscle tone, limb movements are often passive resistance. pyramidal tract signs often has positive abnormal EEG waveforms.
IV (coma period) complete loss of consciousness, can not wake up. light coma, on pain stimulus and response there is not position, tendon reflexes and muscle tone is still hyperthyroidism; the patient can not cooperate, tremor-like flapping wing can not be elicited. deep coma, a variety of reflexes, reducing muscle tension, often dilated pupil may appear intermittency convulsions, spasm and hyperventilation ankle array. electroencephalogram was abnormal.
IV diagnosis
diagnosis is based on a serious liver disease (or) lateral branch circulation 2 door wide mental disorder, lethargy or coma 3 liver 4 encephalopathy obvious incentive to liver damage or blood ammonia increased. flapping wing-like tremor and EEG changes have important diagnostic value.
patients with cirrhosis of the mental routine tests can be found in subclinical hepatic encephalopathy.
V.
the differential diagnosis of psychiatric symptoms as the only outstanding performance of hepatic encephalopathy was misdiagnosed as mental illness.
can cause coma and other identification of other diseases: such as diabetes, low blood sugar , uremia, cerebrovascular accident, brain infections and other sedative overdose.
six, treatment
(a), eliminating incentives to reduce drug induced or exacerbated by HE the use, control infection and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, to avoid a large number of rows quickly diuretic and paracentesis of potassium, pay attention to correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
(b) reduce the generation and absorption of intestinal toxic
I. protein diet started a few days of fasting. Daily 5.0-6.7kJ and heat supply adequate amounts of vitamins. to carbohydrates as the main food. conscious after gradually increasing protein to 40-60g / d, the plant protein is better.
II. enema or cathartic available physiological enema salt water or weak acid solution, or oral or nasal 30-60ml of 33% magnesium sulfate catharsis. portosystemic shunt in acute HE 500ml with 66.7% of lactulose treatment of choice to do enema.
III. inhibit the growth of oral bacteria in a new mold Su 2-4g / d or paromomycin to vancomycin, rifaximin. on the need to avoid using neomycin or long-term treatment of patients with lactulose or milk pear alcohol as the drug of choice
(c ), promote metabolic clearance of toxic substances, to correct the disorder of amino acid metabolism drugs
I. 1 drop of ammonia and potassium glutamate sodium glutamate. oliguria when agents with potassium, significant ascites or edema caution Sodium agent .2 10-20g of arginine added Gs in the VD. applicable to patients with high blood pH 4 acid sodium benzoate 5 .3 Ornithine-a-ketoglutarate and ornithine aspartate. lowering drugs ammonia chronic recurrent HE portosystemic shunt is better for acute severe hepatitis HE invalid.
II. branched-chain amino acids of portal systemic shunt the treatment of HE controversial. For those who can not tolerate the protein food, get enough volume of the mixture rich in branched-chain amino acids on the recovery of patients with positive nitrogen balance is an effective and safe.
III. GABA / BZ receptor antagonist compound IV liver (d), liver transplantation
(V) Other symptomatic treatment
1. correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base balance is less than 2500ml per day into the appropriate solution. ascites (urine +1000 ml), potassium supplement those KCl, arginine available alkali poisoning .2 acid infusion ice cap to protect brain cell function by reducing intracranial temperature and reduce energy consumption 3 to keep the airway open deep coma, tracheotomy should be done 4 expectoration oxygen intravenous hypertonic cerebral edema prevention Gs, mannitol dehydration prevention and treatment of cerebral edema and other
9. tuberculous peritonitis (Tuberculous Peritonitis)
First, clinical manifestations
I. toxemia common symptoms of TB, mainly fever and night sweats. heat to low heat type and in the heat as much, 1 / 3 patients remittent fever, a few were missed can be hot. febrile disease with significant toxicity study were found in exudative, cheese, accompanied by Su-grain type or tuberculosis, caseous pneumonia, tuberculosis and other serious patients. late after malnutrition, weight loss, edema, pallor, glossitis.
II. abdominal pain early is not obvious, since there may be persistent pain and dull pain, or abdominal pain has not. pain and more at Cullen, lower abdomen, sometimes in the whole abdomen.
III. Abdominal palpation is generally believed that the sense of the abdominal wall flexibility clinical features of tuberculous peritonitis. blood, abdominal, or peritoneal cancer patients may also have. generally mild abdominal tenderness, a few severe tenderness, with rebound pain, common in cheese type of tuberculous peritonitis.
IV. ascites patients often feel abdominal distension, accompanied by tuberculosis sepsis or peritonitis caused by intestinal dysfunction, may not have ascites.
V. prevalent in the abdominal mass adhesion type or cheese type, often located in Cullen, also found in other parts. sizes, surface uneven, and sometimes a sense of nodules, not easy to push.
VI. Other common diarrhea, generally no more than 3-4 per day times, mostly paste-like stool. complication more common
II obstruction, diagnosis
diagnosis is based on a young patient, any history of tuberculosis, TB in other organs associated with evidence of unexplained fever 2, more than 2 weeks, with abdominal pain, bloating, ascites and abdominal mass, abdominal tenderness and / or flexibility of a sense of abdominal paracentesis to obtain ascites 3, the nature of the exudate to lymphocyte predominant, generally negative for bacterial culture, cytology of ascites was not found cancer 4 gastrointestinal barium meal X-ray examination showed other signs of adhesion strongly positive tuberculin test 5
Third, the differential diagnosis of ascites as the main
I. performers
? abdominal cancer, including peritoneal carcinomatosis, malignant lymphoma, peritoneal mesothelioma and so on. ascites cytology in differentiating benign and malignant ascites is the main method. primary liver cancer or liver cancer, malignant lymphoma, when in the absence of peritoneal metastasis and ascites tested negative, this time mainly by B-, CT and other tests to find the primary tumor.
? simply cirrhosis transudate ascites was cut with a typical expression of decompensated liver cirrhosis. If cirrhosis complicated with tuberculous peritonitis, ascites leakage accessible fluid. If the patient ascites to L-based, general bacterial culture was negative. necessary, laparoscopy
? other causes of ascites such as connective tissue inflammation, Meigs syndrome, Budd-Chiari syndrome, constrictive pericardium go far.
II. the abdominal mass as the main performance and abdominal tumors should, Crohn disease identification. cheese-type substance mass mass non-B ultrasonic examination, caseous necrosis puncture see things. adhesions type of young onset, duration long, generally good, not very hard texture.
III. with fever as the main performers
IV. have acute abdominal pain as the main performers of tuberculous peritonitis may be due to rupture of caseous necrosis caused by acute peritonitis, or abdominal pain due to acute intestinal obstruction, and you should identify with the common acute abdomen. inquired with a history of looking outside the peritoneal lesions.
four anti-TB treatment
I. chemotherapy
II. If massive ascites, ascites can be properly placed to alleviate the symptoms
III. surgical treatment indications: 1 concurrent complete, acute intestinal obstruction, or incomplete, chronic intestinal obstruction after medical treatment did not improve in 2 acute intestinal perforation peritonitis, or limitations of septic peritonitis did not improve after antibiotic treatment of intestinal fistula in 3 anti-TB chemotherapy by better nutrition and not closed in 4 of the disease difficult to diagnose, and intra-abdominal tumors or acute abdomen due to some reason can not be Identification will be considered exploratory laparotomy.
10. Inflammatory bowel disease (Inflammaotoy Bowel Disease IBD) (Table I)
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn Disease
Also called non-specific ulcerative colitis, is A rectum and colitis of unknown cause disease. lesions were limited to large intestinal mucosa and submucosa. has said the limitations of enteritis, gastrointestinal tract of unknown etiology chronic granulomatous disease. disease prevalent in the terminal ileum and adjacent colon, from the mouth to the anus digestive tract can be affected.
clinical manifestations of a digestive system performance
(a) of the diarrhea, blood, mucus is the active stage of the disease an important performance. stool frequency and severity reflects the degree of blood in the stool.
(b) complained of abdominal pain and generally mild to moderate abdominal pain, left lower abdomen or lower abdomen, Department of the pains, pain - it means - and after the law of mitigation.
(c) other symptoms of abdominal distention, and might For appetite, nausea, vomiting.
(d) only in patients with mild and moderate signs of mild left lower quadrant tenderness, and sometimes reach the descending colon or sigmoid colon spasm. heavy and often broke obvious tenderness and drum-type intestine.
II symptoms usually appear in patients with severe, often low on their activities to moderate fever. myasthenia or disease sustained activity may have weakness, weight loss, anemia, hypoproteinemia, fluid and electrolyte acid-base balance disorders.
Third, the intestinal manifestations of peripheral arthritis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, dermatitis outer sclera, anterior uveitis, recurrent oral ulcers.
four clinical types
(a) According to After typing in early onset disease / chronic relapsing / chronic persistent / acute fulminant
(b) severity classification based on light <4 / Medium> 4 / heavy> 6
(c) According to lesions type proctitis / rectosigmoid inflammation / left colitis / extensive or total colitis.
(d) according to the patient on the active / remission
five toxic complications
1 2 colorectal distention in 3 colorectal cancer or other complications of a variable, digestive performance
(a) of the first intermittent episodes of diarrhea, the course may be turned into sustained after. faecal mostly like, generally no pus and blood and mucus. lesions involving the lower colon or the anus and rectum may have bloody mucus and tenesmus.
(b) the most common symptoms of abdominal pain. more in the right lower abdomen or Cullen, intermittent seizures, often spastic abdominal pain or Ming.
(c) more in the right lower quadrant abdominal mass or Cullen.
(d) fistula formation is a clinical characteristic of the disease. since the beginning of fistula and fistula. The former can lead to other intestines, mesentery, ureter, **, and other retroperitoneal Department; which can lead to abdominal wall or perianal skin.
(e) around the anus and rectum around the lesion anorectal fistula, abscess formation, and anal and other diseases
Second, the systemic symptoms
(a) of intermittent fever low heat or in the heat of common, a few showed remittent fever with toxaemia.
(b) Nutrition disorders manifested as weight loss, anemia, hypoproteinemia and vitamin deficiencies and so on. prepubertal patients with growth retardation.
Third, the intestinal manifestations clubbing, arthritis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, oral mucosa ulcers, iridocyclitis, uveitis, inflammation around the small bile ducts, sclerosing cholangitis, chronic hepatitis other.
four most common complications of intestinal obstruction, followed by intra-abdominal abscess. expansion of a rare toxic colon. rectum or colon cancer involvement may occur. extraintestinal complications of gallstones, urinary stones, fatty liver .
diagnosis of persistent or recurrent bloody diarrhea and mucus, abdominal pain associated with (or without) the extent systemic symptoms, remove bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, chronic schistosomiasis, intestinal tuberculosis and other infectious enteritis and Crohn disease, ischemic colitis, radiation enteritis, based on a characteristic change in colonoscopy and mucosal biopsy at least 1 or with X-ray barium enema examination signs of at least one can diagnose the disease.
clinical manifestation typical and typical performance of a colonoscopy or a typical X-ray barium enema examination can diagnose this disease are.
typical or typical clinical manifestations of past history and current colonoscopy or barium enema X-no typical changes should be followed up.
of young Recurrent right lower abdominal pain and diarrhea, abdominal mass or tenderness, fever, such as performance, X line (or) and colonoscopy found that intestinal inflammatory disease, mainly in the terminal ileum and adjacent colon and showed segmental distribution, should consider the diagnosis of this disease. At present no uniform diagnostic criteria, mainly based on clinical manifestations and X-ray examination and (or) a comprehensive analysis of colonoscopy. Differential difficulty by the need to rely on exploratory surgery pathology .
inflammatory bowel disease (Inflammaotoy Bowel Disease IBD) (Table II)
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn Disease
differential diagnosis 1. chronic dysentery often the history of acute bacillary dysentery, stool examination can be Shigella isolated, colonoscopy mucopurulent secretions obtained high positive rate of culture, antimicrobial treatment is effective
2. amebic colitis major invasion of the right colon, but also involving the left colon, colonic ulcers deeper edge stealth, more than normal mucosa between ulcers. histolytica stool and more can be found in trophozoites / parcel. anti-amoebic treatment is effective.
3. schistosomiasis had history of exposure to contaminated water, often hepatosplenomegaly, fecal check can be found in schistosome eggs, hatching miracidia positive. endoscopy in acute rectal mucosa of visible brown granules, tablet or tissue biopsy mucosal pathology can be found in schistosome eggs.
4.Crohn Disease
5. colorectal cancer see and middle age, digital rectal examination by the palpable mass, colonoscopy and barium enema X-value in the diagnosis.
6.IBS stool with mucus but no pus, microscopic examination is normal or only see a small amount of white blood cells, colonoscopy examination without evidence of organic disease.
1. intestinal tuberculosis intestinal tuberculosis primarily involves the ileocecal change, sometimes involving the adjacent colon, but not presented segmental distribution. fistula and a rare disease around the anus and rectum; tuberculin test positive.
2. the small intestine of primary malignant lymphoma malignant lymphoma of the small intestine is often a long time confined to the small intestine and (or) near the mesenteric lymph nodes, some patients showed multifocal tumors can be distributed. If X-ray examination at the same time see the involvement of the small intestine colon , segmental distribution, fracture-like ulcers, cobblestone Zheng, fistula formation, which are beneficial to Crohn disease diagnosis; if examination showed a wide range of erosion within the intestine, was greater pressure finger marks, or filling defects, B ultrasound or CT examination intestinal wall significantly thicker, more support for major abdominal lymph nodes of malignant lymphoma of small bowel diagnosis. exploratory surgery when necessary.
3.Ulcerative Colitis.
4. acute appendicitis rarely diarrhea, often with metastatic right lower abdominal pain, tenderness limit and Malmquist point, WBC increased, but exploratory surgery is sometimes required.
5. others such as schistosomiasis, chronic dysentery, amoebic colitis, and other infectious enteritis, hemorrhagic enteritis, ischemic colitis, radiation enteritis , collagen colitis, Behcet's disease, colorectal cancer and the various causes of intestinal obstruction
treatment of one, stressed that the general treatment of rest, diet and nutrition. Activities of the liquid diet. to correct acid-base balance of water and electrolyte disturbance. diarrhea, abdominal pain by atropine. should be noted that given a large number of anticholinergic drugs or toxic diarrhea medicine has evoked the risk of colorectal distention.
Second, drug treatment
1. amino acid preparations SASP SASP is the treatment of the disease commonly used drugs.
2. glucocorticoid ...
(a) general treatment
1. Rest 2 high-calorie diet, high protein and vitamin rich foods easy to digest as appropriate. Hepatic dysfunction or hepatic encephalopathy aura should be restricted or prohibited food proteins; have ascites salt or no salt diet should be. alcohol and to avoid eating hard foods rough, disable damage the liver support treatment drug .3 patients with decompensated anorexia, eating less, cutting and more nausea and vomiting, should be intravenous hypertonic glucose solution to supplement the heat, the infusion can be added Vitamins C, insulin, kcl, etc.; should pay special attention to maintain water and electrolyte and acid-base balance, the condition can be heavier compound amino acid, albumin or blood.
(b ) There is no cure for drug treatment, usually available vitamins and digestive enzymes. colchicine have some antifibrotic effect on liver functional reserve in patients with decompensated better have a certain effect, 1mg / d, 2 times service, 5 days a week. TCM treatment of drug commonly used blood stasis syndrome differentiation-based.
(c) ascites
1. limitation of water, sodium intake
2. diuretic use main use of spironolactone (spironolactone, potassium retention diuretics, alone can lead to hyperkalemia, there are hormone-like side effects such as gynecomastia, can use ammonia or Ben pteridine) and furosemide (furosemide , Pai potassium-sparing diuretics, alone should be taken KCl). currently advocated in combination.
3. paracentesis plus albumin lost
4. increase the plasma colloid osmotic pressure a small amount of blood or albumin infusion times
5. ascites reinfusion treatment of refractory ascites. paracentesis 5000-10000ml, through the enrichment process for the 500ml, come back to lose. to clear some of the water and sodium retention, but can increase the plasma concentrations of albumin and effective blood volume to improve the renal blood circulation to eliminate or reduce ascites. There can not be infected ascites reinfusion.
6. celiac - jugular vein drainage (Le Veen drainage method)
(d) Surgical treatment of portal hypertension portal vein pressure decreased and the elimination of hypersplenism. no jaundice or ascites, mild liver damage and no complications, surgery is better.
(e) complications of treatment
1. upper gastrointestinal bleeding First aid measures: fasting , supine, intensive care, the rapid and effective blood volume supplement to correct the hemorrhagic shock and hemostasis to take effective measures to prevent hepatic encephalopathy.
2. stepped up to support the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and the use of antimicrobial agents. emphasized earlier, adequate and joint use of antimicrobial drugs, to immediately upon diagnosis. the main consideration for the G-G + cocci bacteria and drugs, such as Ampicillin, cefotaxime sodium masonry, cephalosporins it fixed, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and other select 2 -3 types of joint use. According to the results of treatment response and to consider adjusting the training of antimicrobial agents; started a few days dose should be large, stable condition after the reduction; due to recurrence of complications, medication time, not less than 2 weeks.
3. Liver encephalopathy see below section
4. currently no effective treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. In a positive context to improve liver function, to take a rapid control of gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, predisposing factors; 2 strictly control the fluid volume, measure out the entry, correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base balance disorder; 3 infusion of dextran, albumin or concentrated ascites reinfusion to raise circulating blood volume, improve renal blood flow, based on the expansion of diuretics; 4 vasoactive drugs such as dopamine , PGI2 can improve renal blood flow, increased glomerular filtration rate; 5 focus on prevention, to avoid a strong diuretic, simply put a lot of damage to liver function with ascites and taking drugs.
(f) Eight liver transplant
pathology
naked eye: the early and middle liver volume is normal or slightly larger, slightly harder texture. late liver volume reduced weight. nodular surface was small, similar in size, the largest nodule diameter of less than 1.0cm, see the summary section fibrous tissue between sections of the cable package to Rao, yellow brown nodules (steatosis) or yellow-green (cholestasis)
microscope: normal lobular structure was destroyed by the extensive proliferation of fibrous tissue to regeneration Results divided into sections of varying sizes surrounded, round or oval-shaped liver cell mass, known as the fake leaflets. false lobular liver cell cord disorder, more liver cells, and a large, deeply stained, often found in liver cells dual-core . centrilobular vein absent, partial-bit or more than two. pseudolobuli weeks the fibrous tissue outside the Zhouzeng Sheng is also the number of different chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, and often oppressed, destroyed small bile ducts, causing bile duct in cholestasis. In addition in the proliferation of fibrous tissue in the newborn can see the small bile duct and bile duct without the false lumen.
nine, clinical features
1. portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis as the liver vascular system is destroyed when alterations caused (see pathogenesis), clinical manifestations see above clinical manifestations.
2. liver dysfunction liver is mainly the result of long-term repeatedly damaged. See also the related clinical manifestations of clinical manifestations.
7 . primary liver cancer (Primary Carcinoma of the Liver)
I, misprision of clinical manifestations of early onset
lack of typical symptoms. The early detection of cases of AFP screening may be no symptoms and signs, called subclinical hepatic cancer. self-treatment were mostly in the late stage, the main features of
1. more than half of liver pain liver pain, mostly persistent swelling or dull pain. If lesions violations diaphragm, right shoulder pain may be involved, such as tumors grow slowly, may be completely painless or only slightly dull. When the surface of the nodules of liver rupture and necrosis of cancer tissue and blood into the abdominal cavity, it can cause sudden severe pain, from the liver rapidly spread to the whole abdomen , resulting in acute abdominal symptoms. such as the large amount of bleeding, which can cause fainting and shock
2. hepatomegaly of the liver was carried out large, hard, uneven surface, with nodules, or massive, blunt the edge of not neat, often with different degrees of tenderness. hepatocellular carcinoma protruding from under the right costal arch or xiphoid, the upper abdomen can present as partial or full of uplift, such as Qi in the diaphragm, is mainly for raising the liver under the diaphragm margin can be small. nodules under the costal arch at the most likely to be touched.
3. jaundice usually appears in late may be due to liver cell damage caused, or because of oppression or violation of Aikuai hepatic bile duct near the door, or loss caused by cancer and blood clots caused by biliary obstruction
4. cirrhosis of the liver signs of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension may have splenomegaly, ascites, venous collateral circulation, such as performance. ascites rapidly increased, usually transudate. hemorrhagic ascites due to cancer, multiple violations of the liver capsule or rupture of the abdominal cavity caused by, oh, because of stroke caused by metastatic cancer.
5. malignancies general performance of weight loss, fever, loss of appetite, fatigue, nutrition cachexia and other poor and minority cancer patients with liver cancer itself, as the host body's metabolism and thus affect the endocrine or metabolic abnormalities, systemic manifestations may have a special, called paraneoplastic syndrome to spontaneous hypoglycemia, polycythemia common. on the performance of the liver is large and there are such patients should be alert to the existence of the disease.
6. In case of metastatic lung symptoms, bone, chest, etc. transfer, can generate response symptoms. pleural metastasis to the right common, may have pleural effusion . bones, or spinal metastases, may have local tenderness or symptoms of nerve compression, brain metastasis may have symptoms of nerve localization.
Second, hospitals are often self-diagnose
with typical symptoms, generally to the middle and late. on middle-aged history of liver disease, especially in male patients, if unexplained liver pain, weight loss, progressive hepatomegaly, should be measured and selected AFP do other laboratory tests for early diagnosis. AFP continued to increase in low concentration However, normal aminotransferases, often sub-clinical liver cancer mainly.
Third, the differential diagnosis
1. secondary liver cancer originating in the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, breast, etc. of the foci often transfer to the liver . this type of cancer, slow progression of the disease, symptoms mild. AFP tests revealed a small number of primary cancer cases in the digestive tract of (+), in general, as (-). The key to diagnosis and pathological examination found outside the primary liver cancer evidence.
2. cirrhosis of the liver if the liver cirrhosis patients had significantly large, hard of large nodules, or liver atrophy and image inspection also found that lesions, the possibility of large liver cancer, repeated Check the AFP or AFP heterogeneity, close follow-up can be diagnosed.
3. active liver disease, such as AFP and ALT increased dynamic curve parallel or simultaneous, or ALT continued to increase to several times normal, the possibility of active liver disease large. If curve separation, AFP normal or elevated ALT decreased by the high, more consideration to liver cancer.
4. liver abscess generally have significant clinical manifestations of inflammation, swelling of the liver surface is smooth without nodules, tenderness was . close to the abdominal wall abscess often edema, right upper quadrant abdominal muscle tension. WBC increased. Ultrasonography of the liver liquid dark area. When the pus thick, dark area has not been formed when the liquid is difficult to diagnose ultrasound examination should be done repeatedly necessary to make a diagnosis of ultrasound guided.
5. near the liver to the hepatic tumor retroperitoneal soft tissue tumors from kidney, adrenal gland, pancreas, colon cancer, etc. can also be present in the upper abdomen abdominal mass , resulting in confusion. ultrasonography helps to distinguish the nature of the tumor, AFP test should be negative. identification of difficulties need to be confirmed exploratory laparotomy.
6. hepatic lesions of non-cancerous liver hemangioma, polycystic liver , echinococcosis and other available CT, Ho Su radioactive blood pool scan, MRI and ultrasound to help diagnosis, exploratory laparotomy is sometimes necessary to diagnose.
IV pathological
(a) of the eye type
1. early HCC : Small hepatocellular carcinoma nodule diameter is less than a single 3cm, or nodules of not more than 2, the sum of the 3cm diameter less often in patients with no clinical symptoms, and serum AFP positive hepatocellular carcinoma. nodules were spherical or lobulated, gray and white matter is relatively soft, cut surface without hemorrhage and necrosis, clear boundaries with the surrounding tissue.
2. of advanced liver cancer type:
I. bulky tumor is a massive entity, prototype, diameter, often more than 15cm, and more in the right lobe. soft, variegated cut surface, often hemorrhagic necrosis. often scattered around the tumor-like nodules in the satellite.
II. nodules up to see more often occurs with cirrhosis of the liver. nodules more scattered, round or oval sizes in diameter from a few millimeters to several centimeters, some merging into larger nodules. capsule of the tumor nodules to the surface uplift, green brown cut surface, and sometimes see the bleeding
III. diffuse diffuse distribution in the liver cancer tissue, no obvious nodules, this type of rare.
(b) The histological type < br> I. carcinoma the most common type of liver cells from the cancer. well differentiated cancer cells and normal liver cells were similar. poorly differentiated cancer cell atypia were obvious, often the nuclear and multinucleated giant tumor cells. Some cancer cells were arranged in cords (cord-like type); also showed duct-like (false tubular type). Sometimes there are a large number of cancer fibrous tissue segmentation (sclerosis).
II. bile duct carcinoma is less common, intrahepatic bile duct epithelium from cancer. its organizational structure, or simple, mostly adenocarcinoma cancer. less cirrhosis. sometimes secondary to clonorchiasis patients.
III. mixed with hepatocellular carcinoma two structures and bile duct carcinoma, the most rare.
(c) clinical
see above
(d) pathways
liver spread and metastasis in the liver first. cancer cells along the portal vein usually spread, the formation of metastatic cancer nodules in the liver, but also retrograde spread to the extrahepatic portal vein, thrombus formation, causing portal hypertension. extrahepatic metastasis primarily through lymphatic metastasis to hilar lymph nodes, abdominal lymph nodes and retroperitoneal lymph nodes . late can be transferred to the lungs through the hepatic vein, adrenal gland, brain and bone, etc..
8. hepatic encephalopathy (Hepatic encephalopathy HE)
one cause,
is by the majority of hepatitis HE sclerosis (the most common viral cirrhosis of the liver) caused also by the improvement of portal hypertension caused by portosystemic shunt surgery. a small part of the HE seen in severe viral hepatitis, toxic hepatitis and acute liver disease or drug-induced fulminant hepatic failure. more rare There are reasons for primary liver cancer, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, severe biliary tract infections.
major cause of a large number of rows of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in 2 high-protein diet for 4 3 potassium diuretic sedative hypnotic uremic 7 6 5 release constipation 8 9 ascites surgical infections.
Second, the pathogenesis of
(a) of the doctrine of ammonia poisoning ammonia generated
increased less clear, [ammonia] increased energy metabolism can interfere with the brain. mechanism has the following two aspects:
1. inhibited alanine dehydrogenase activity, thereby affecting the Co-A formation, interfere with the brain the citric acid cycle.
2. in the brain detoxification process, the amine and a-ketoglutarate combined into glutamic acid, glutamate by glutamine synthetase in astrocytes under the action of the enzyme combination of glutamine and ammonia. glutamine is an infiltration of organic matter, excessive synthesis of stellate cells can lead to swelling, resulting in cerebral edema. a-ketoglutarate is an important intermediate in the Krebs cycle, the lack of brain cells when the energy supply can not maintain normal function. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, lack of inhibition of the brain increases, ammonia can interfere with nerve conduction directly affect brain function.
HE the causes of elevated blood ammonia when: 1 excess nitrogen intake of food (high protein diet) or drugs, or upper gastrointestinal bleeding (containing about 20g per 100ml of blood protein) is increased intestinal production of ammonia 2 metabolic alkalosis hypokalemic alkalosis prompted NH3 into the cells through the blood-brain barrier toxic 3 hypovolemic constipation and ascites 4 5 6 infection low blood sugar 7 Other (sedative, hypnotic, anesthesia, surgery, etc..)
(b) (g-aminobutyric acid / Ben benzodiazepines [GABA / BZ] complex theory)
can promote Cl-ion conduction into the postsynaptic neuron, causing inhibition of nerve conduction.
(c) of the amines, thiols, and short-chain fatty acids synergistic toxicity
(d) false doctrine
excitatory neurotransmitter neurotransmitters are: catecholamines in norepinephrine and dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, aspartate and so on. inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain to form only.
aromatic amino acids in food such as tyrosine, Phe acid by intestinal bacteria decarboxylase, respectively, into the role of tyramine and phenylethylamine. normal, the two amines is cleared in the liver, liver failure, the removal occurs barriers, two kinds of amine into the brain tissue. b-hydroxylase in the brain were formed under the influence? J amines (b hydroxyl tyramine) and phenylethanolamine. After the two kinds of chemical structure and normal neurotransmitter norepinephrine similar structure, so called false neurotransmitters. When false neurotransmitter uptake by brain cells and synapses in the normal place of neurotransmitters, the nerve conduction disorder in the excitement not normally conducted impulses to the cerebral cortex and abnormal inhibition, disturbance of consciousness and coma.
(five ) imbalance in amino acid metabolism in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis
theory of plasma aromatic amino acids (Phe, casein, color) increase in the branched chain amino acids decrease. normal catabolism of aromatic amino acids in the liver, liver failure decreased when the decomposition Therefore, increased blood concentrations. normal skeletal muscle branched-chain amino acids mainly in the decomposition of insulin to promote the role of these amino acids into muscle, liver failure inactivation of insulin reduced to a large number of branched-chain amino acids into muscle, blood concentration decreased. The two groups competitive exclusion of amino acids enter the brain. aromatic amino acids into the brain increased, further the formation of false neurotransmitters. hematoma in patients with cirrhosis of the liver tryptophan increased number of tryptophan in the brain can be derived for the 5 - HT, is the central nerve of some neurons inhibitory neurotransmitter, have antagonistic effects of norepinephrine may also be concerned with the unconscious.
III clinical
a (prodromal phase) with mild personality changes and behavioral disorders, such as the euphoric excitement or less indifferent words, disheveled or Urinating or defecating. response is still accurate, and slowly spit the word unclear. may have flapping wing-like vibrations, also known as liver flutter (Zhu Huanzhe Stretch arms, elbow fixed , extending to the dorsal hand, fingers separated, the visible hand of the lateral deflection, metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist or elbow and shoulder to fall on rapid, irregular shakes). EEG were normal, this period lasted several days or weeks, sometimes less marked
two (pre-coma) to confusion, sleep disturbance is, behavioral disorders based. before one of the symptoms. orientation and understanding were decreased, and when people , land of confusion, unable to complete simple calculations and intellectual composition, slurred speech, writing disorders, abnormal behavior. more than a perversion of sleep time, or even the illusion of fear or mania. The signs of the patients had significant neurological, such as tendon reflexes hyperthyroidism, increased muscle tone, spasm and ankle Babinski sign positive matrix. flapping wing-like tremor persists, there are specific EEG abnormalities can occur in patients with involuntary movements and movement disorders
three (sleeping period) to lethargy and mental disorder-based, all into the spirit of the symptoms persist or worsen, patients were comatose most of the time, but you can wake up. wake up to answer the questioning style, but often confusion and hallucinations. flapping wing-like chatter can lead to . to increase muscle tone, limb movements are often passive resistance. pyramidal tract signs often has positive abnormal EEG waveforms.
IV (coma period) complete loss of consciousness, can not wake up. light coma, on pain stimulus and response there is not position, tendon reflexes and muscle tone is still hyperthyroidism; the patient can not cooperate, tremor-like flapping wing can not be elicited. deep coma, a variety of reflexes, reducing muscle tension, often dilated pupil may appear intermittency convulsions, spasm and hyperventilation ankle array. electroencephalogram was abnormal.
IV diagnosis
diagnosis is based on a serious liver disease (or) lateral branch circulation 2 door wide mental disorder, lethargy or coma 3 liver 4 encephalopathy obvious incentive to liver damage or blood ammonia increased. flapping wing-like tremor and EEG changes have important diagnostic value.
patients with cirrhosis of the mental routine tests can be found in subclinical hepatic encephalopathy.
V.
the differential diagnosis of psychiatric symptoms as the only outstanding performance of hepatic encephalopathy was misdiagnosed as mental illness.
can cause coma and other identification of other diseases: such as diabetes, low blood sugar , uremia, cerebrovascular accident, brain infections and other sedative overdose.
six, treatment
(a), eliminating incentives to reduce drug induced or exacerbated by HE the use, control infection and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, to avoid a large number of rows quickly diuretic and paracentesis of potassium, pay attention to correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base balance
(b) reduce the generation and absorption of intestinal toxic
I. protein diet started a few days of fasting. Daily 5.0-6.7kJ and heat supply adequate amounts of vitamins. to carbohydrates as the main food. conscious after gradually increasing protein to 40-60g / d, the plant protein is better.
II. enema or cathartic available physiological enema salt water or weak acid solution, or oral or nasal 30-60ml of 33% magnesium sulfate catharsis. portosystemic shunt in acute HE 500ml with 66.7% of lactulose treatment of choice to do enema.
III. inhibit the growth of oral bacteria in a new mold Su 2-4g / d or paromomycin to vancomycin, rifaximin. on the need to avoid using neomycin or long-term treatment of patients with lactulose or milk pear alcohol as the drug of choice
(c ), promote metabolic clearance of toxic substances, to correct the disorder of amino acid metabolism drugs
I. 1 drop of ammonia and potassium glutamate sodium glutamate. oliguria when agents with potassium, significant ascites or edema caution Sodium agent .2 10-20g of arginine added Gs in the VD. applicable to patients with high blood pH 4 acid sodium benzoate 5 .3 Ornithine-a-ketoglutarate and ornithine aspartate. lowering drugs ammonia chronic recurrent HE portosystemic shunt is better for acute severe hepatitis HE invalid.
II. branched-chain amino acids of portal systemic shunt the treatment of HE controversial. For those who can not tolerate the protein food, get enough volume of the mixture rich in branched-chain amino acids on the recovery of patients with positive nitrogen balance is an effective and safe.
III. GABA / BZ receptor antagonist compound IV liver (d), liver transplantation
(V) Other symptomatic treatment
1. correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base balance is less than 2500ml per day into the appropriate solution. ascites (urine +1000 ml), potassium supplement those KCl, arginine available alkali poisoning .2 acid infusion ice cap to protect brain cell function by reducing intracranial temperature and reduce energy consumption 3 to keep the airway open deep coma, tracheotomy should be done 4 expectoration oxygen intravenous hypertonic cerebral edema prevention Gs, mannitol dehydration prevention and treatment of cerebral edema and other
9. tuberculous peritonitis (Tuberculous Peritonitis)
First, clinical manifestations
I. toxemia common symptoms of TB, mainly fever and night sweats. heat to low heat type and in the heat as much, 1 / 3 patients remittent fever, a few were missed can be hot. febrile disease with significant toxicity study were found in exudative, cheese, accompanied by Su-grain type or tuberculosis, caseous pneumonia, tuberculosis and other serious patients. late after malnutrition, weight loss, edema, pallor, glossitis.
II. abdominal pain early is not obvious, since there may be persistent pain and dull pain, or abdominal pain has not. pain and more at Cullen, lower abdomen, sometimes in the whole abdomen.
III. Abdominal palpation is generally believed that the sense of the abdominal wall flexibility clinical features of tuberculous peritonitis. blood, abdominal, or peritoneal cancer patients may also have. generally mild abdominal tenderness, a few severe tenderness, with rebound pain, common in cheese type of tuberculous peritonitis.
IV. ascites patients often feel abdominal distension, accompanied by tuberculosis sepsis or peritonitis caused by intestinal dysfunction, may not have ascites.
V. prevalent in the abdominal mass adhesion type or cheese type, often located in Cullen, also found in other parts. sizes, surface uneven, and sometimes a sense of nodules, not easy to push.
VI. Other common diarrhea, generally no more than 3-4 per day times, mostly paste-like stool. complication more common
II obstruction, diagnosis
diagnosis is based on a young patient, any history of tuberculosis, TB in other organs associated with evidence of unexplained fever 2, more than 2 weeks, with abdominal pain, bloating, ascites and abdominal mass, abdominal tenderness and / or flexibility of a sense of abdominal paracentesis to obtain ascites 3, the nature of the exudate to lymphocyte predominant, generally negative for bacterial culture, cytology of ascites was not found cancer 4 gastrointestinal barium meal X-ray examination showed other signs of adhesion strongly positive tuberculin test 5
Third, the differential diagnosis of ascites as the main
I. performers
? abdominal cancer, including peritoneal carcinomatosis, malignant lymphoma, peritoneal mesothelioma and so on. ascites cytology in differentiating benign and malignant ascites is the main method. primary liver cancer or liver cancer, malignant lymphoma, when in the absence of peritoneal metastasis and ascites tested negative, this time mainly by B-, CT and other tests to find the primary tumor.
? simply cirrhosis transudate ascites was cut with a typical expression of decompensated liver cirrhosis. If cirrhosis complicated with tuberculous peritonitis, ascites leakage accessible fluid. If the patient ascites to L-based, general bacterial culture was negative. necessary, laparoscopy
? other causes of ascites such as connective tissue inflammation, Meigs syndrome, Budd-Chiari syndrome, constrictive pericardium go far.
II. the abdominal mass as the main performance and abdominal tumors should, Crohn disease identification. cheese-type substance mass mass non-B ultrasonic examination, caseous necrosis puncture see things. adhesions type of young onset, duration long, generally good, not very hard texture.
III. with fever as the main performers
IV. have acute abdominal pain as the main performers of tuberculous peritonitis may be due to rupture of caseous necrosis caused by acute peritonitis, or abdominal pain due to acute intestinal obstruction, and you should identify with the common acute abdomen. inquired with a history of looking outside the peritoneal lesions.
four anti-TB treatment
I. chemotherapy
II. If massive ascites, ascites can be properly placed to alleviate the symptoms
III. surgical treatment indications: 1 concurrent complete, acute intestinal obstruction, or incomplete, chronic intestinal obstruction after medical treatment did not improve in 2 acute intestinal perforation peritonitis, or limitations of septic peritonitis did not improve after antibiotic treatment of intestinal fistula in 3 anti-TB chemotherapy by better nutrition and not closed in 4 of the disease difficult to diagnose, and intra-abdominal tumors or acute abdomen due to some reason can not be Identification will be considered exploratory laparotomy.
10. Inflammatory bowel disease (Inflammaotoy Bowel Disease IBD) (Table I)
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn Disease
Also called non-specific ulcerative colitis, is A rectum and colitis of unknown cause disease. lesions were limited to large intestinal mucosa and submucosa. has said the limitations of enteritis, gastrointestinal tract of unknown etiology chronic granulomatous disease. disease prevalent in the terminal ileum and adjacent colon, from the mouth to the anus digestive tract can be affected.
clinical manifestations of a digestive system performance
(a) of the diarrhea, blood, mucus is the active stage of the disease an important performance. stool frequency and severity reflects the degree of blood in the stool.
(b) complained of abdominal pain and generally mild to moderate abdominal pain, left lower abdomen or lower abdomen, Department of the pains, pain - it means - and after the law of mitigation.
(c) other symptoms of abdominal distention, and might For appetite, nausea, vomiting.
(d) only in patients with mild and moderate signs of mild left lower quadrant tenderness, and sometimes reach the descending colon or sigmoid colon spasm. heavy and often broke obvious tenderness and drum-type intestine.
II symptoms usually appear in patients with severe, often low on their activities to moderate fever. myasthenia or disease sustained activity may have weakness, weight loss, anemia, hypoproteinemia, fluid and electrolyte acid-base balance disorders.
Third, the intestinal manifestations of peripheral arthritis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, dermatitis outer sclera, anterior uveitis, recurrent oral ulcers.
four clinical types
(a) According to After typing in early onset disease / chronic relapsing / chronic persistent / acute fulminant
(b) severity classification based on light <4 / Medium> 4 / heavy> 6
(c) According to lesions type proctitis / rectosigmoid inflammation / left colitis / extensive or total colitis.
(d) according to the patient on the active / remission
five toxic complications
1 2 colorectal distention in 3 colorectal cancer or other complications of a variable, digestive performance
(a) of the first intermittent episodes of diarrhea, the course may be turned into sustained after. faecal mostly like, generally no pus and blood and mucus. lesions involving the lower colon or the anus and rectum may have bloody mucus and tenesmus.
(b) the most common symptoms of abdominal pain. more in the right lower abdomen or Cullen, intermittent seizures, often spastic abdominal pain or Ming.
(c) more in the right lower quadrant abdominal mass or Cullen.
(d) fistula formation is a clinical characteristic of the disease. since the beginning of fistula and fistula. The former can lead to other intestines, mesentery, ureter, **, and other retroperitoneal Department; which can lead to abdominal wall or perianal skin.
(e) around the anus and rectum around the lesion anorectal fistula, abscess formation, and anal and other diseases
Second, the systemic symptoms
(a) of intermittent fever low heat or in the heat of common, a few showed remittent fever with toxaemia.
(b) Nutrition disorders manifested as weight loss, anemia, hypoproteinemia and vitamin deficiencies and so on. prepubertal patients with growth retardation.
Third, the intestinal manifestations clubbing, arthritis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, oral mucosa ulcers, iridocyclitis, uveitis, inflammation around the small bile ducts, sclerosing cholangitis, chronic hepatitis other.
four most common complications of intestinal obstruction, followed by intra-abdominal abscess. expansion of a rare toxic colon. rectum or colon cancer involvement may occur. extraintestinal complications of gallstones, urinary stones, fatty liver .
diagnosis of persistent or recurrent bloody diarrhea and mucus, abdominal pain associated with (or without) the extent systemic symptoms, remove bacillary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, chronic schistosomiasis, intestinal tuberculosis and other infectious enteritis and Crohn disease, ischemic colitis, radiation enteritis, based on a characteristic change in colonoscopy and mucosal biopsy at least 1 or with X-ray barium enema examination signs of at least one can diagnose the disease.
clinical manifestation typical and typical performance of a colonoscopy or a typical X-ray barium enema examination can diagnose this disease are.
typical or typical clinical manifestations of past history and current colonoscopy or barium enema X-no typical changes should be followed up.
of young Recurrent right lower abdominal pain and diarrhea, abdominal mass or tenderness, fever, such as performance, X line (or) and colonoscopy found that intestinal inflammatory disease, mainly in the terminal ileum and adjacent colon and showed segmental distribution, should consider the diagnosis of this disease. At present no uniform diagnostic criteria, mainly based on clinical manifestations and X-ray examination and (or) a comprehensive analysis of colonoscopy. Differential difficulty by the need to rely on exploratory surgery pathology .
inflammatory bowel disease (Inflammaotoy Bowel Disease IBD) (Table II)
Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn Disease
differential diagnosis 1. chronic dysentery often the history of acute bacillary dysentery, stool examination can be Shigella isolated, colonoscopy mucopurulent secretions obtained high positive rate of culture, antimicrobial treatment is effective
2. amebic colitis major invasion of the right colon, but also involving the left colon, colonic ulcers deeper edge stealth, more than normal mucosa between ulcers. histolytica stool and more can be found in trophozoites / parcel. anti-amoebic treatment is effective.
3. schistosomiasis had history of exposure to contaminated water, often hepatosplenomegaly, fecal check can be found in schistosome eggs, hatching miracidia positive. endoscopy in acute rectal mucosa of visible brown granules, tablet or tissue biopsy mucosal pathology can be found in schistosome eggs.
4.Crohn Disease
5. colorectal cancer see and middle age, digital rectal examination by the palpable mass, colonoscopy and barium enema X-value in the diagnosis.
6.IBS stool with mucus but no pus, microscopic examination is normal or only see a small amount of white blood cells, colonoscopy examination without evidence of organic disease.
1. intestinal tuberculosis intestinal tuberculosis primarily involves the ileocecal change, sometimes involving the adjacent colon, but not presented segmental distribution. fistula and a rare disease around the anus and rectum; tuberculin test positive.
2. the small intestine of primary malignant lymphoma malignant lymphoma of the small intestine is often a long time confined to the small intestine and (or) near the mesenteric lymph nodes, some patients showed multifocal tumors can be distributed. If X-ray examination at the same time see the involvement of the small intestine colon , segmental distribution, fracture-like ulcers, cobblestone Zheng, fistula formation, which are beneficial to Crohn disease diagnosis; if examination showed a wide range of erosion within the intestine, was greater pressure finger marks, or filling defects, B ultrasound or CT examination intestinal wall significantly thicker, more support for major abdominal lymph nodes of malignant lymphoma of small bowel diagnosis. exploratory surgery when necessary.
3.Ulcerative Colitis.
4. acute appendicitis rarely diarrhea, often with metastatic right lower abdominal pain, tenderness limit and Malmquist point, WBC increased, but exploratory surgery is sometimes required.
5. others such as schistosomiasis, chronic dysentery, amoebic colitis, and other infectious enteritis, hemorrhagic enteritis, ischemic colitis, radiation enteritis , collagen colitis, Behcet's disease, colorectal cancer and the various causes of intestinal obstruction
treatment of one, stressed that the general treatment of rest, diet and nutrition. Activities of the liquid diet. to correct acid-base balance of water and electrolyte disturbance. diarrhea, abdominal pain by atropine. should be noted that given a large number of anticholinergic drugs or toxic diarrhea medicine has evoked the risk of colorectal distention.
Second, drug treatment
1. amino acid preparations SASP SASP is the treatment of the disease commonly used drugs.
2. glucocorticoid ...
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