Order of human origin and evolution of cooperation

 Order of human cooperation origin and evolution of
Wang Dingding Luo Weidong Ye Hang (Based on 14-15 May 2005 at the Nanjing University of finishing the same name made the speech content changes)
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Wang Dingding: I think from two perspectives, the theme of the report leads to this. In fact, today's report is an interdisciplinary problem. explain the problem, economics alone is not enough. We must put it in the social sciences perspective, and with a unified social theory and the evolution of cooperation in order to talk about our humanity.
from the evolution of social theory on this question, there are two angles can be cut. First, we assume that an alien came to a sudden our planet, the first thing he wants, of course, would like to know the animals rule the planet, that we human beings how it is. as an alien, he will not to consider how you act, your motivation What is, or what is behind your actions theoretical system. He is to grasp the simplest, most intuitive, or the most macro of the fact that this animal the way to realize the link between them? From this perspective, foreign Star people may find that the first is the individual as the unit of human activities, unlike the other group of animals to live as a group. to maintain the link between human individuals, there are two main forms, the first is called competition, it is economics family relationships are stressed, it leads to efficiency, resulting in a lot of things, good things, bad things. but also noted the alien is clearly a relationship, that relationship between human beings. For me the earth people, I do not know whether the relationship between these two human beings which is more important. I still do not think clearly, from a genetic point of view, competition and cooperation Which one first, which later. but I can find the latest research literature suggests that people interested in the cooperative, at least in the biological stages of brain evolution even before the competition between human beings. This is an article published in 2004, Economists talk about our competition to see so many, in fact, the importance of cooperation as much as the importance of competition, but economists talk about, or very little about. This is a great lack of mainstream economics, that we need to change.
our subject for today is to discuss cooperation, because the competition talk too much. competition, only a core principle of economics, the concept of price theory in which the Chicago School often say to, of course, is to the Chicago School in terms of oral tradition, the textbooks in general it is hard to see this is a core concept, which is substitutability between on or between things. But we are talking about cooperation, then cooperation between the core concept? relative to the core concepts of competition, we have a cooperative relationship on the core concept that complementary. human relationship, the . The former leads to a competition in our human relations, which resulted in our human relationships.
these two core concepts I put it here, and they mean? competitive relationship between the individual we The core concept is to introduce We can introduce the core concept is said first angle, from the perspective of the second theme of the report today. aliens go, and now we have to explain that the Earth's own thing. So there is the so-called theorists, theorists of the task is observations from the experience of the phenomenon and to find out the regularity of things, such as by observing the launch of Newton's three laws of celestial motion, that is, to experience the world of modeling. So, the traditional economists is how to do modeling human behavior? They established the model is the so-called founders recognized that there are two major factors that influence or determine human behavior. what two factors? in the Chinese tradition called The preface said that the decision we are the most fundamental of human behavior, the most long-term strength, one is economic, the other is religious. �� What is religion? religion is an emotion. Therefore, the can not be fragmented, in human choice behavior are two basic point. Our human reason has never been a cold, non-emotional reason.
in previous economics textbooks and mainstream economists article, into a cute rational reason, become a no emotion, no sense of social justice and moral reason, the market became a cold calculation of mm Subject Social Sciences Research Centre took note of recent years occurred in the Western economic theory a change, this change is very subtle, is perceived by the mainstream economists themselves, and by some mainstream economists to adjust the direction to take the lead and began transferred to the study of human emotions. In this research, in addition to economics, there is brain science, cognitive science, cultural anthropology, social psychology and evolutionary psychology of participation. If it is purely from an economic point of view , these economists are trying to get integrated into the human emotional factors, such as inside the framework of game theory to.
2001, during a very important academic publication and Organization) magazine published an article called experiment, under the conditions of a single prisoner's dilemma, the participants of compassion is stronger, the participants were between the sense of sympathy for closer cooperation easier to achieve. introduced a measure of psychological distance parameters and found that the parameters inversely proportional to the probability of full cooperation. people's psychological distance smaller, the greater the probability of co-occurrence. When this parameter convergence to a certain threshold or a certain point, the participants almost one hundred percent cooperation. At this point before the a region, the relationship between two people is part of the cooperation, part of the cooperative. of the experimenter selected are the same university students. selection of the standard is between them must be familiar with each other and live together more than one year, Only then can measure their compassion. through the game experiments, and obtained some very reliable data. For example, the authors found that compassion is not symmetrical, I sympathize with you, you may not sympathize with me to the same extent. play When the game there is a case, the author called it ; sacrifice interesting things, and it demonstrates that our decision-making behavior, even in a single Prisoner's Dilemma is unable to leave under the conditions of emotional factors. It shows that as before, the Western tradition of the same, because in the eyes of the Chinese people, Westerners are two very different cultural traditions, it is natural to become each other's otherness, or the other side of the mirror. grew up in the West of Western economists, social theorists, can not consciously aware of his own limitations . we, as scholars outside the Western tradition, often it is easy to see their limitations. This can be supplemented, to make our own contribution to the Chinese people. On the other hand, our own cultural traditions but also by their own limitations, not may know their own weaknesses, could not get out, so we still have to work a lot of Westerners to learn.
in the In addition, there are many very deep reflection. they began to reflect, in economics, rational choice theory and social context of the ideological development, they start from when exactly the wrong way. This is a very important thing, is a species of the history of ideas sort out. It is this reflection and Reorganizing, the contemporary economists back into the classical economists Adam. Smith context. Of course, I'm not talking Adam. Smith's but Adam. Smith's So Western scholars to rediscover Smith. the last decade, the West began to Adam. Smith's research into a very hot topic, there is considerable discussion of Adam. Smith's literature. This is the doctoral dissertation teacher Luo Weidong theme, such as teachers under the Law will give us details of the situation .97 years, a publishing house asked me to Responding to these changes since.
in the , and logos in the form of performance is the mathematical logic, in the technical means of expression is the science. These two aspects, that is, basically, , the West still continues to move forward, that is people's choice behavior as a general model of animal behavior research, because most animals have emotional impulses. So in this direction, many zoologists, behavior family, behavioral psychologists, brain scientists have joined the ranks of which came to this study, using scientific instruments in the human brain in and so the teacher will give us lower lobe of the progress in this area.
from 2000 to the present, Western scholars finally discovered the simply can not, as Samuelson put it across the board to open them: here is entirely rational choice, it solves the maximization problem; there is a complete emotional impulses, which determines the social welfare function; rational Select a social welfare function of the various components of the different weight given to, and then add them up. social welfare function is no such thing, today's scientists do not recognize this kind of thing. This is today western economics and social choice theory the latest, most cutting-edge research. In this research, we see two worlds: one is the intellectual history of the world, that is Adam. Smith's world; the other is the scientific frontier of the world, that world of brain science. well, My introduction to end here. Now I put the microphone to the Luo and leaves teachers, let them talk about their respective explore a world.
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Luo Weidong:
Tintin topic for us out today a very appropriate entry in, so it is smoothly leads to the issue behind us. Now a revolution is brewing Economics. Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Social Science Research Center has been a professor of modern economic paradigm in the study encounter and the possible way out of crisis, there are also many domestic peers pay attention to this. present Professor Wei Sen personally are doing similar work. I assumed the role of this process the main emphasis on aspects of intellectual history. specifically, to the modern economy basic proposition of classical learning resources retrospective thinking, particularly concerned about the whole of modern economics, social sciences, what are the resources of modern economics paradigm for innovation support.
I had to return to Adam. Smith, because He is the founder of economics. Modern science such a developed economy, almost all of the important thinking of a person comes from a master of his writings, this is a great thing. Adam. Smith has made a lot of new propositions and creative features. Smith is well known for his contributions to economics, but we must know that Smith is essentially a comprehensive social scientists. all his ideas and theories are problem-based rather than discipline oriented. So, Smith's theory is the most critical aspect of its integrity, or that it is not subject mindset. in a very long time, people familiar with Adam. Smith's And another one of his important book, , it is almost completely forgotten, .
1976, Adam. Smith's Professor of Moral Philosophy. to this commemoration as an opportunity, there are many scholars out of support. people can not launch the presentation through his notes and students understand the context of his real thoughts.
Adam. Smith wrote, 1759, to the last change is three months before he died, was in 1790. the middle of 31 years, when a total of six versions. his on the political system . However, the market mechanism to bring efficiency, but also a moral emotion and brought serious problems. In this regard, Smith, emotional and moral corruption of the business community is the result of human and institutional collusion and therefore need to be concerned about in two ways.
all of our basic assumptions of economics, the core is the In fact, Adam. Smith never raised the the need for food, Smith's words are often treated as his main Zhang Zili is the basis of market economy, a testament to human nature. In Smith, the hand, each person to live in accordance with guidelines for their own interests, the results can increase public welfare. Smith on the self-analysis of the relationship between man and the market is right, but also caused a misunderstanding. Since then, the economics do not seem to ask: why a purely self-interested people will choose to trade this way of peace and a win-win deal with others? why two self-interested behavior to each other will enhance the welfare of others? do, which does not require some of the necessary pre-conditions? We see that economic theory has begun to reflect on this issue. However, until now ask questions of economics, which in the end, or because we misled Smith Smith misunderstanding. I study concluded that more than two centuries, we have a serious misunderstanding of how the economics of Smith's intention to ignore the terrible thought of his real valuable content.
I want to draw attention to is this: Smith The Wealth of Nations two books go hand in hand, carefully inspected, can be found, of academic importance, the normal. For such a paradox, many economists tried to explain, such as paradox is impossible. This means that, unless we adjust the assumption of human nature, otherwise it would not be a good order of human cooperation to explain how such a problem occurs.
reason we hardly self-serving assumption that people explained on the basis of universal human cooperative behavior, it must be because we are the assumptions about human nature, something very important missing. In the era of classical economics, this thing is still there, but the marginal revolution, even back in Sydney Seoul, where this thing was omitted. In a sense, Ricardo times to give up the assumption on the wealth of human nature, human nature taken by a single hypothesis. This assumption is suitable for the purification of social theory, given its scientific form, so is the era of rationalism has been warmly praised by scientists. However, on the assumption that self-interest of people, one-sided prisoner's dilemma has been dragged into the swamp of Nash equilibrium, its irrational side of the display completely out. This has forced today's social scientists, especially economists think that the theory of human nature to be left out. In this way, we must go back to before the creation of Adam Smith economics, back to school the other of the Scottish Enlightenment, such as the Hatch Gibson and Hume.
then, Smith is how to look at this issue? in human society, why did not fall into prisoner's dilemma, the reason for our cooperation can be successful, must have had something beyond the human self Lee's nature. In Smith, this is human nature, a sense of sympathy for a total of capacity. the so-called common sense of compassion is a person with real emotions of other people's physical and mental capacity to respond. we are able to experience empathy for others. The ability to allows us to form some sort of natural tendency of mind and behavior. We can be the joy and pain of others infected. It is because of this ability, we can always stand on the sidelines, to consider and judge their own behavior to What is the appropriate behavior of a decision.
sympathy for the formation of a total sense of social order is in fact the basic human natural endowments. That is, a selfish person, but also share the ability of a person, respect his politics matter always in their own interests and his feelings of others into account and coordination between the judge. In this way, any real individual is not only self-serving side only, but also put themselves in consideration for others side. If human beings have a self-serving nature only and not share the ability to choose does not necessarily universal access to benefits as a means of exchange. as a purely selfish point of view from the efficiency, are more likely to choose violent means. Smith on the human behavior Investigation of the emotional basis for explaining the behavior of human cooperation provides a new theoretical foundation.
look, , its forms and manifestations, as a basis for study of human origins and operation of the order. He stated a truth over and over again is: Human social order is possible, human beings can cooperate, we have been able to form society, not only because We are selfish, but because we always have some kind of put ourselves in the ability for others to consider, and always have empathy endowment, natural endowment, which is talking, we generally sympathetic. This study, while fully based on the experience of observation and introspection, but it has extremely beneficial in today's inspiration.
Smith said that the community should and could be constructed entirely in the human innate sense of sympathy for a total capacity of over talent. He sympathy for a total endowment of which the most basic sense, that the business community to be established, with the reassuring nature of the basis. Smith was seen as a representative of the Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, but also because he found the emotional mechanism guidance from God, human reason can survive and develop. In his view, we humans can generate compassion relying on co-operation order, and compassion between people can interact with the appropriate nature of the formation of a rules and order. push is to say, the moral basis of the market economy is also true human nature from which the two meanings, namely, reason and emotion. In the final analysis, order or rule is the emotional interaction between people to achieve a balanced product.
In summary, for the reconstruction of the basis for today's economics to Adam. Smith as the representative works of classical thinkers thought contains important resources, it is worth us to dig, to refine. I Zhejiang University, Interdisciplinary Social Science Research Centre is the main work of the 18th century British empiricism, the theory of emotionalism, re-sort the evolution of social scientific thought and rational approach to discipline, analysis of modern social science which produce soil, to seek out the lost tradition, will be introduced into the present era of innovation for the added strength of the social sciences.
Tintin attempts in the academic tradition and modern science experiment resources, based on the rational and emotional unity. He proposed a category, I think this is very interesting. ; situation rational to introduce cutting-edge research in this direction, the latest status of international.
Clover Air: In order for everyone to do this report, Wang teachers prepared more than 100 articles the latest and most cutting-edge literature. Yesterday, we had a small range and graduate the discussion, found that all of these documents do not have time to introduce to you. Fortunately, we, Zhejiang University Social Science Research Center Interdisciplinary tracking the international forefront of research in this direction for many years, can filter out the most important introduced to everyone. so much literature, the most representative, actually two.
first is Science scientists. Economists Why go to the Biology Development article? because now the forefront of interdisciplinary social science tendency is very obvious, and interdisciplinary research often involves a combination of economics and biology. Because of these two disciplines who are behavior, in some ways but also of human nature.
This article is in fact a computer simulation report. It is to be solved, that is just Tintin teacher, Luo Weidong teachers are mentioned, namely the most classic case of game become efficient economic behavior in order to achieve Pareto optimality. but in the non-cooperative solution. What does this mean? means that the logic of mainstream economics system is not illegal. Why? because your two assumptions, rationality and efficiency of a conflict can not be self-consistent.
50 years after the last century, Many economists try to solve this problem. At first the idea is to repeat a single Prisoner's Dilemma game as a sub-game, so might Co-operative solution, but not on all occasions. However, there is still a problem. challenge because of the mainstream economics is a single prisoner's dilemma game, you use the iterated prisoner dilemma to solve this problem, logically, is not legitimate? in fact has changed the premise. I introduced the first articles is to solve the Prisoner's Dilemma single issues arising under the conditions of cooperation.
mentioned earlier, this document is the report of a computer simulation. The simulation environment is dating back 20 million years ago the late Pleistocene human hunting gatherer societies, the simulation conditions are in strict accordance with paleoanthropology has confirmed the fact that setting. such as when human society has no authority, no state power, even the chiefs, religious and wizards are not; Another example is when people take the production and consumption is the common way of labor and food sharing, and does not store food. such conditions, a total of eight, all in strict accordance with archeology, anthropology, history, the evidence has been set. In this society, people want to working together and working together, you need cooperation, which will run into problems Prisoner's Dilemma.
such as the primitive people to go out hunting, in the face of a mammoth, others charge forward, hiding behind a man, but sharing food When he emerged, which is a lift. Obviously, this behavior adaptation for survival is higher than the Titans. So, from an evolutionary point of view, no matter how small the difference initially, over millions of years of evolution, adaptation The behavior of high biological groups in a spread, become the dominant mode of behavior. Therefore, the British biologist Richard Dawkins said, if you know anything about biology, you will come to an inevitable conclusion All things come from evolution are selfish, including humans. �� this fact and conclusions of mainstream economics on the assumption that human nature is very consistent, I call it, School economists not seized with the challenge conclusions.
Jin Disi according to Bowles and computer simulation, a purely selfish human population, unable to establish a stable and orderly co-operation will eventually tend to perish. cooperation What is the established order? We must rely on a school fee to be Santa as cooperation, even if this betrayal is not for me, I have to be punished, even at the cost of much personal cost. Therefore, school fees in Santa terminology, this behavior is also known as ; altruistic punishment. computer simulation, only when a human population have evolved such behavior, in order to establish stable and cooperative order.
This map is a dynamic process simulation, conducted a total of 3000 on behalf of the simulation. The first generation is the initial state of zero , assuming people are selfish, the green curve represents this. This red curve represents the free-rider escape the responsibility arising from the probability, the author called it , shirking rate of up to 100%, which means the order can not co-create. from 300 on behalf of the beginning, due to the strong reciprocity evolved, the blue curve is representative of this; we see the rapid population increase in the proportion of partners, from This curve represents the orange. Meanwhile, we note the shirking rate began to decrease obviously. This shows that cooperation in order of population has started to build. to the generation of about 500 or so ethnic groups in the selfish, partners and strong reciprocity, the proportion of basic stabilized at a level to achieve the evolutionary equilibrium. At this time, the proportion of selfish accounted for 38.2%; strong reciprocity, which is just the proportion of 37.2%; and simple partner, accounting for 24.6%; mean to shirk its responsibility rate was 11.1%. I have a corollary of Tintin, if this ratio as the behavioral characteristics of individuals, it means that humanity evolved from the 38% is selfish, is just 37%, while the remaining 24 % is pure goodness.
This map is computer simulation of the phase plane, describes the dynamic evolution of the structure balanced. It vividly illustrates, without the intervention of strong reciprocity, in the selfish and the collaborators of the simple can not achieve balance between. as always selfish advantage, and finally everyone will become a selfish person. and the emergence of strong reciprocity, evolutionary change in the original path. because of the checks and balances, so the cooperative order is created. As we know, the two pivot structure is unstable, only the triangle is stable. Therefore, in the standoff between good and evil, there must be justice intervention. With just punishment, to make selfishness hampered in order to achieve a certain balance of good and evil. This is my first introduced in the literature, a representative of the cutting-edge research is very ...